Material for Paper Ist

[mail2farooque]

Hey can anybody help me for the material of I st paper in computer science...

[salkardeep]

Memory Based Questions June 2009 UGC NET Paper I
Q. which day of the week was there on jan1, 2001
Monday
wednesday
saturday
tuesday
Answer: Monday

Q. Which year did Tsunami hit?
2004
2005
2006
2007
Answer 2005 ( i think)
Chandrayan-1 was launched from?
Bangalore
Chennai
Sri hari kota
.......

Answer: Sri hari kota
matching question:
Answer:
headquarters of indian science congress : kolkata
central arid zone research : jodhpur
IIPA : New delhi
....... : .........
matchin q:
pandit jasraj : indian vocalist
ravi shankar : sitar
udai shankar ; dance
......... : tabla
Which of the following is not a 24 hrs news channel
NDTV 24*7
Zee news
Aaj tak
Lok sabha
Ans : lok sabha
Four ppl. two ladies and 2 gents are playin bridge. no lady is sitin facin east. opposite sex ppl face each other. one man is facin south
which direction ladies are facin?
ans: north & west

two pretty easy venn diagram qs were : 3 overlappin circles representin hindi teachers, english taechers and teachers were drawn n very simple qs were asked.
3 qs on data interpretation were there. they were also simple. would try drawin later if i get time
catch u soon!

whats a blog; i dont remember all d options
but d correct one was a sort of online journal which could be personal or corporate
what is an action research?
how bog is formed.......options are
melting
sea
close to water bodies
last option dnt remember
dnt know the answer
tsunami hit in 2004 not 2005
action research is an applied research
can anyone tell me what is BOG
Which of the following is not matrimonial site ?
(a) www.bharatmatrimony.com (b) www.jeevansathi.com
© www.mymatrimony.com © www. uk.edu
52,51,48,43,34,27,16 which is wrong no in this series ?
(a) 16 (b) 43
© 34 (d) 27
Teaching aids are used for....
(a) To make teaching funny
(b) To teach student at their level
© .............
(d) .................
Factorial research means
(a) To search between two variables
(b) To Search betwwen more variables
© To test hypothesis
Factorial Research means relationship among many variable
what is the answer of wrong numb series
first indian mobile company?
ans- BPL
what are interest rate swaps and currency swaps?
Currency Swap
A currency swap is a form of swap. It is most easily understood by comparison with an interest rate swap. An interest rate swap is a contract to exchange cash flow streams that might be associated with some fixed income obligations—say swapping the cash flows of a fixed rate loan for those of a floating rate loan. A currency swap is exactly the same thing except, with an interest rate swap, the cash flow streams are in the same currency. With a currency swap, they are in different currencies.
Q. Against which act of parliament - Naga Customary and their social practices...
Options
(1) Article 371A
(2) Article 371B
(3) Article 371C
(4) Article 263
Answeris : Option1 ( Article 371A )
Matching Q
(1) Central Arid Zone Institution -- Ans Jodhpur
(2) Space Application Center -- Ans Ahmedabad
(3) Indian Institute of Public Administration -- Ans New Delhi
(4) Headquarter of Indian Science -- Kolkata
52,51,48,43,34,27,16 which is wrong no in this series ?
(a) 16 (b) 43
© 34 (d) 27
Ans is C - 34
What is meant by the phrase "Buyers ......................." and "Sellers .........................."
I dont remember what was it actually ; so .............................
What did it mean..??
I didn't knew..
Went for HIT & RUN..
How can the objectivity of research be enhanced
(1) Through its Impartiality
(2) Through its reliability
(3) Through its Validity
(4) All of the above
Q High Risk Zone -
(1) Central Indian Highland
(2) Coastal region
(3) Himalyan Region
(4) Indian Desert
Q Chatting in Internat is ( don't remember exact statement of the question)
(1) Verbal Commuication
(2) Non Verbal Communication
(3) Parallel communication
(4) Grapevine Communication
Bog
type of wetland ecosystem characterized by wet, spongy, poorly drained peaty soil. Bogs can be divided into three types: (1) typical bogs of cool regions, dominated by the growth of bog mosses, Sphagnum, and heaths, particularly Chamaedaphne (northern bogs with trees growing on them are often called muskegs); (2) fens, dominated by grasslike plants, grasses, sedges, and reeds; and (3) tropical tree bogs, in which the peat may be formed almost entirely from tree remains. Typical, or Sphagnum, bogs are highly acid with a pH (index of acidity–alkalinity) of less than five (seven being neutral) and are associated with waters containing no more minerals than are contained in rainwater, often the only source of water for a bog. Fens are watered with groundwater that has some dissolved minerals and that has a pH above five; that is, it is only moderately acid. Fens and bogs are often associated in one area that usually is called a bog. Tropical bogs occur only in areas where the water is very low in minerals. They are less common than swamps but still cover extensive areas in Malaya, Indonesia, tropical South America, and Africa.
Kothri Commission report was entitled on -- System of Education...
Who has given the Z theory???????
Q. "No Man is Mortal" Contradicts to ( I m not sure about Mortal, it may be some other name, but the answer is All man one's... )
(1) Some man are mortal
(2) Some man are not mortal
(3) All Man are mortal
(4) None of the above
Q. Good Evaluation of Written communications should not be based on
(1) Linguistic Exp
(2) Subject knowledge
(3) Paragrapgh Conclusion
(4) Logic of represtenation
Q Assumptions are based on
(1) Universities
(2) Indian Culture
(3) ..
(4) All of the above
Which of the following is not dual mode university
(1) Delhi University
(2) Madras University
(3) Banagalore University
(4) Indira Gandhi National Open University
There was one question on FM Radio also. don't remember exact option. someone please put
(1) Information, Entertainment, Tourism
(2) Entertainment, Information, Education,
(3)..
(4)...
If CLOCK is written as KCOLC, how'd STEPS be written?
which of the following are obtained through learning?
a. attitude b. knowledge. c. skills d. maturation.
attitude, skills, knowledge are obtained through?
a. heredity b. learning .....don remember the other two options
which of the following reserch contribute to knowledge
a. descriptive research. b. action research ......

Important Facts to Know: Part-I for Paper-I
TEACHING AND RESEARCH POTENTIAL

• Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti was registered as a society on –15 August 1950
• Who was the Chairman of the first Indian Education Commission –Sir John Hunter
• Who organizes the National Talent Search Competitive Test –N.C.E.R.T.
• When was Central Advisory Board of Education set up –1956
• Navodaya Vidyalayas have been set up –In Rural Areas
• The programme Gyan Vani is broadcasted by –AIR
• When was N.C.E.R.T. Established –2nd Oct. 1971
• In 1936-37 who submitted the report on technical Education –Abbot
• Who conducts the admission test for Novdaya Vidyalayas –N.C.E.R.T.
• Who was the chairperson of Wardha Scheme –Zakir Hussain
• National law school of India is situated at –Bangalor
• A.I.C.T.E. stands for –All India Council of Technical Education
• In which year University Grants Commission Act was passed –1956 A.D.
• The central Institude of Indian Languages is located at –Mysore
• Which Organization was established during Bengal Partition –National Council of Education
• Which was the first University to be opened in Britishers time ? –Calcutta University
• To whom did Lord Macaulay present the famous Macaulay’s minute ? –Lord Bentinck
• In which year C.B.S.E. set up open school ? –1985
• What was the other name for hunter commission –Indian Education Commission
• What amount was sanctioned by Charter Act of 1813 to be spent on education ? –One Lakh
• Reshtriya Sanskrit Sansthan has its head quarters at –New Delhi
• Which is the first open University of India ? –Indira Gandhi open University New Delhi
• What is the Minimum qualification requird to appear in any examination of the Open University ? –No Minimum qulification
• Regional College of Education for the Northern region is located at –Ajmer
• Where is situated the Regional College of Education for the eastem region ? –Bhuvaneshwar
• Where is Regional College of Education for Western region ? –Ujjain
• Regional College of Education for the Southern region is at –Mysore
• The Regional Colleges of Education were set up by the N.C.E.R.T. with the co-operation of –Planning Commission of India
• Generally the medium of instruction in Public School is –English
• The famous Doon Public School is located at –Dehra Dun
• The famous Doon Public School Bishop Cotton is situated at –Shimla
• The famous Lawrence Public School is at –Sanawar
• The famous Shivaji Public School is at –Pune
• The famous Air Force Central School is situated at –Delhi Cantt
• Tamil Nadu has a Sainik School at –Amrauathinagar
• The Sainik School in Orissa is at –Bhuvaneshwar
• The Sainik School in Karnataka is at –Bijapur
• Gandhi had which Educational Degree ? –Law
• Gandhi got his law Degree from –England
• Where did Gandhi as a teacher ? –South Africa
• Who said “A cowardly teacher cannot make his students valiant ? –M.K. Gandhi
• Effective teaching is a function of -Teacher’s methodology
• What should be the attitude of the teacher towards school authorities ? –Cordial
• The attitude of teacher towards new idea should be –Receptive
• Teachers should be made accountable for –Teaching
• An excellent teacher must be –Good guide
• As a teacher, you are never supposed to be angry –I am a human and can also be angry
• What is your Prime duty as a teacher ? –To help the student in understanding Physical and Social Environment
• What is the best Quality of the teacher ? –good human subject being
• The enthusiastic teachers generally ? –involve the students in learning–teaching process
• A teacher has better chances of succeeding if ? –he is properly trained for the profession
• Does the teachers enjoy the freedom to make their syllabus flexible ? –False
• A good teacher can overcome the defects of ? –System
• A quality teacher always reaches the school ? –Before the morning assembly is over
• Why you want to make teaching as a career ? –it make you eligible for the profession in ten months
• Generally a good number of students do not like to go to the class rooms because- the curriculum is dull
• What is attitude –feeling
• A good teacher priority in school is his –students
• People’s attitude towards teaching is becoming positive because – perceiving teaching as a profession
• Who can be creative teacher- develop thinking ability among the students
• Among the students faith in the human values can be generated through – Moral Education
• If as teacher you give too much liberty to students what will be result – indiscipline in the class room
• If some one does not agree with you what will you do – polite explain your view point to him
• As a teacher what means of recreation will you like to prefer – literary magazines and news papers
• A teacher always learns and he learns from – Students
• What enhances the status and respect of a teacher – community service
• Why a teacher fails in maintaining discipline in the class – because he lacks consistency in his approach to discipline
• What type behavior is expected from a teacher in the class room – calm, dignified and composed
• Why a teacher should be lover of sports – it encourages the students to take part in sports

Important Facts to Know: General Studies

1.The study of bones is called ostelogy
-Total no of bones 206
-Smallest bone-Stapes(ear boe)
-Longest bone-Femus(Thigh bone)
-Strongest bone-Tibia(leg bone)
-Total no of muscles-639
-Largest grand-liver
-Longest gland-thyroid
-Longest nerve-Sciatic
-Hardest bone-Tooth enamal
-Tolal amount of blood in the body is (1/15 of body weight)
-Normal body Temperature-98.6F(37C)

2.Govt.of India banned the student Islamic movement of India (SIMI)because it had linked with Osama Bin Laden’s a1-Qaeda Group
3.The Salary of member of parliament and higher perks is ehanced from Rs.4000 to 12,000 per month and constituency allowance from Rs.8000 to 10,000 per month and daily allowance of Rs.400 to Rs. 500 for a period of five year
4.Competition bill to replace MRTPC (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act.)
5.Supreme court ruled on August 2,2001 that a public servant convicted in corruption case should not hold office till he was cleared of the charges by a superior court
6.Number of amendments in constitution is 8 till now
7.The terrorist out fit that brought the WTC and destroyed part of Pantagon in Washington is A1-Queda.the network association with Osama Bin Laden
8. ISI-Inter Service Intelligence
9.Durent line boundary between India and Afghanistan
11.Mc Mohan Line:-boundary between India and china
12.Redcliff Line:- boundary between India and Pakistan
13.Palk Strait:- boundary between India and Sri Lanka
14.Prithvi:-Surface to surface missile.It has a range 250km
15.Agni:- Is Surface to surface missile.it has a range1500-2000km
16.Akash:- Is Surface to surface missile.it has a range of 25km
17 Nag: It is an anti tank missile having range of 4km
18.Bank rate is the rate at which the reserve Bank of India gives credit to commercial Banks
19.Amicus Curiae-Lawyer appointment by the court to represent a poor person.it means friend of court
20.C.R.R- Cash Reserve Ratio
21.Medico Legal case-Accidental Case
22.The most important influence of the moon on the earth is the effect on ocean tides
23.Ranthambore:- Ranthambore National park in Rajasthan(410 sq.km)was ones the private tiger reserve of the Maharaja of Jaipur
24.Ghana Bird Sanctuary-Bharatpur Rajasthan
25.Standerd Deduction in income tax-30,000/-
26.Maximum income not liable to tax-50,000/-
27.American’s Robinson Walton(Bill gates)is the richest person in the world
28.Bio terrorism:-It refer to the use of disease causing micro oganism as terroist weapons to cause devastating ipack on the people.for example.Anthrax
29.Public University founded in 1982 at Lahore.After partition in was re-established in India on 1st of October 1947.the University moved to Chandigarh in 1956,vice chancellor of Punjab university is –K.N.Pathak
30.Kapil Dev has been chosen the wisdom Indian cricketer of the century.
31.Akshardham Temple is in Gandhi Nagar (Gujrat
35 people were killed by terrorist )
32.Metro rail Delhi 24 Dec,2002(Shahdra to is Hagari –8.3km)
33.CAG- V.N.Kaul
34.Chairman of SBI-A.K.Purwar
35.Guru Nanak born in Talwandi now called ‘Nankana Sahib’ in 1469 .He died in 1539.Guru was founder of Sikhism
36. Guru Angad Dev- introduced langer system
37. Guru Amar Das- social reformer and discarded sati pratha
38. Guru Ram Das- founded city of Amritsar
40. Guru Arjun Deb- Built GoldenTemple and compiled Aadi Granph or Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Arjun Deb compled Granth Sahib in 1604 with the of bhai Gurdas Bhalla ji. Guru Arjun Dev was executed by Jahangir on the advice of Chandu Singh. Guru Arjun Dev got the foundation of Harmandir Sahib laid down by a Muslim Faqir main mir.
41.Guru hargobind singh – stared the system of
Akal takht and miri,piri
42.Guru Har Rai
43.Guru Harkishan
44.Guru Teg Bahadur-Guru Teg Bahadur executed by Aurangzeb
45. Guru Gobind Singh –Founder of Khalsa 13th April,1699,Baisakhi, Khalsa means military
brotherhood Zafarnama :- This is Letter written by
Guru Gobind Singh to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
This letter was written because Aurangzeb was committed many atrocities on people.Guru Gobind Singh asked Aurangzeb to give up the policy at Anandpur Sahib on the 1st Baisakh 13th April,1699 A..D
46.Dasam Granth was compiled by a devoted sikh mani singh after passing away Of Guru Gobind Singh .
47.Guru Ki kashi-Takhat Damdma Sahib. It is famous Gurudwara, Which is situated at Talwandi Sabo. It is called Guru Ki Kashi
48.Guru Ki Wadali – it is Birth place of Guru Hargobind Ji . it is famous Gurudwara of Punjab
49.Banda Bahadur- Was born on 27th October, 1670. His real name was Lachaman Das. Once,
during hunting an arrow of Banda Bahadur stuck a pregnant she deer; Banda Bahadur was greatly pained to see the tragic death of the deer and its two kids. He renounced the world and become a Bairagi. Banda Bahadur adopted the name Madho Das after becoming a Bairagi. Madho Das (Banda Bahadur) met Guru Sahib. He said “I am your Banda (Servant)”. Thus Madho Das become Banda. Guru Gobind Sahib called him Banda the brave. Thus acquired the name Banda Bahadur
50. Sharomani Gurdawara Prabandhak Committee was established on 15th Nov. 1990, at Akal Takhat Amritsar.
51.Aklis launched a non-movement in 1921 with the aim of –Librating Sikh Guru Gurudwara from Mahants.

mportant Facts to Know: General Studies

Literature:

52.Creator of Asa-di-war,Japuji sahib-Guru Nanak Dev ji.
53.Creator of Bachittar Natak- Guru Gobind Singh
54.Creator of Jab Sahibh- Guru Gobind Singh
55.Creator of Anand Sahib- Guru Amar Das ji
56.Creator of Sukhmani Sahib –Guru Arjan Dev ji
57. Compiler of Guru Granth Sahib – Guru Arjan Dev ji
58.Writer of Adhi Granth at the time of its compilation of – Bahi Gurdas Bhalla ji
59.Creator of Bani written in Dasam Granth-Guru Gobind singh ji
60.Most famous writer of Qisa Puran Bhagat –Fazal Shah.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Administration:-
61.Date of Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Nov.2,1780.
62.Name of the parents of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Father name:-Maha singh ,Mother name :-Raj Kaur
63.Time of treaty of Amritsar between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and British –25th April,1809
64.Name of the Foreign minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Faqir Azizudeen
65.Head of Finance minister at the the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Deewan Kaura Mal
66.Most famous prime minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Dhian Singh Dogra
67.Meaning of Kankut system started by Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Tax on standing crop in the field
68.’Nazim Adalat’ at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh state level- Court
69.Capital city of maharaja Ranjit Singh- Lahore
70.First war between Sikh and British – 1845 A.D.
71.Second Anglo Sikh War-1848-1849 A.D.
72. Ranjit Singh (Thein) Dam has been constructed on the river- Ravi
73.Which Dam is built on Beas near Talwara- Pong Dam.
74. Dam built on the river Satluj- Bhakrha Dam
75.The Dusi dam has been constructed on the river Beas
76.The old name of the Amritser –Ramdas nagar
77.Which Guru got constructor Akal Takhat –GuruHargobind Sahib
78The real Granth Sahib has been placed at –Kartarpur
79.Guru Nanak Dav Ji was enlightenment at- Sultan Pur
80.Which Guru built Buraj Baba Atal- Guru Hargobind Sahib
81. The old name Punjab- Sapat Sindhu
82.The Gurudwara situated at present where foundation of Khalsa Panth was laid –Gurudwara Kesgarh Sahib.
83.The other name of Harmandir Sahib is-Darbar Sahib.
84.The Guru;who founded Anandpur Sahib was –Guru Teg Bahadur
85.Bhagat Singh was hanged on-23rd March, 1931
86.Number of district in Punjab-17, Lok Sabha seats-13
87. Highest Gallantry Award-Param Vir Chakra
88.NOBLE PRIZES;-The Honors of Wining the Noble Prizes go to the Following 7 Indians
(i)Rabinder Nath Tagore win the noble prizes from literature in 1913.
(ii)C.V. Raman win the noble prizes from physics in 1930.
(iii)Hargobind Khurana win the noble prizes from medicine in 1968.
(iv)Mother Teresa win the noble price from peace in 1979.
(vi) S. chandrashekher win the noble prize from physics in 1986.
(vii) Prof. Amaritya Sen win the noble prizes from Economics in 1998.
(viii) V.S.Naipal win the noble prizes from Literature in 2001.

90.Highest Gallantry Award- ParamVir Chakra
91.Highest Civilian Award- Bharat Ratana
92.First Olympic Game held at Athens in 1896
93.First Deputy Prime Minister of India-Sardar Patel
94.2nd deputy Prime Minister of India-Morarzi Desai
95. 3hd Deputy Prime Minister of India – Choudhari Charan Singh
96. 5th Deputy Prime Minister of India – Y.V.Chauan.
97.6th Deputy Prime Minister of India –Dev Lal
98. 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India- Lal Krishan Advani
99. AIDS:Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
100.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
101.AIDS:Is caused by Virus Aids is due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus
102.Classical Dances of India
-Manipur of Manipur
-Oddisi of Orissa
-Katha-Kali of Kerala
-Kuchi-Pudi of Andhra Pradesh
-Bharat Natyam of Tamil Nadu
-Kathak of Utter Pradesh
-Bihu of Assam

103.Legal Service Clinic:-A Legal Service Clinic open 24 hours on all days, has been established in Ahemdabad to provide free service of retired high court judge and reputed lawyear.
105.The State of Haryana-:Came into begin on , Nov.1,1966 as result of the re- organizations
of the old Punjab state into two separate seats.It consist of the Hind speaking area of Punjab,secong language status has been given to Punjab(1996)
106.Book and Author:-
-Life Diving
-Ain-I-Akbari -Aourbinbo Ghosh
-Panchtantra -Abdul Fazal
-Mahabharta -Vishnu Sharma
-India wins Freedom -Ved Vyas
-Discovery of India -Maulana Abdul Kalam
-My Experiment with Truth -Gandhi
-Madhushala -Harivansh Rai Bachan
-Prisoner’s Scorapbook -L.K.Advani

107.Sports:-
-Agha Khan Cup -Hockey
-Durant Cup -Football(India)
-Duleep/renjit Trophyre -Cricket
-Santosh Trophy -National Football
-Thomas Cup -World Bedminton(Men)
-Davis Cup -Lawn Tennis

108.Buddhism:Buddhism was founded by Gautam
Buddha. His Original name was Gautam Siddhartha , A Kashatriya, Boran in 563 B.C at Lumbini in Nepal . He attended enlightenment at Bodhgaya under papal tree.Budha died at the age of 80 years in 483 B.C at Kushinagar (District Utter Pradesh).He gave 8 fold paths to control the desire.1st sermon was delivered by him at Srnarth at Banaras .The Language used by Buddhist people was pali.

Important facts to Know for General Studies

109.Red cross was founded by-J.H. Durant , Established in 1864 World red Cross day iscelebrated on May 8,The Birthday its founder J.H. Durant.
110.Sir Robert S.S Baden Powell is the founder of scouting
111.Who gave the call go back to Vedas-Dayanand
112.The construction of Qutab Minar was begun by Quatab-ud-din Aibak but it was complateed by lltutumish.
113.Who built the Sanchi Stupa- Agratala.
114.Who founded slave dynasty in 1206 A.D.- Quatab-ud-din Aibak.
115.The Capital of Tripura is Agratala.
116. The Capital of Mizoram is aizawl.
117. The Capital of Australia is –Canberra.
118.Spring tides occurs on- Full moon day as well on new moon day.
119.Tides in the oceans are caused by-Attraction of the moon.
201.Buddhism place of worship is-Pongda.
121.Jews place of worship is-Synagogue.
122.Holish book of Jews-Talmud.
123.Malguddi days written by –R.K. Naraynan
124.Das capital-Karl Marx
125.The father of Economics- Adam smith.
126.The Chipko Movement was associated with-preventing felling of trees.
127.Pashmina is a breed of -Sheep.
128.What is the meaning of Buddha –An enlightened one.
129.Which is the holy book of Parsis- Jorah
130.Parliament of U.S.A is known as- Congress
131. Parliament of Afghanistan- Shoora
132. Parliament of Russia-Duma.
133. Parliament of Japan –Diet.
134.SARS:-It Stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SARS is caused by viruses from the corona and paramyxo virus family.
136.LCA(Light Combat Aircraft)is named as “Tejas”
137. Lakshva is Pilot Less target Aircraft
138.Kalpna Chawla: She was an Indian born American Astronaut. She died with other six astronauts in the Columbia shuttle crash on feb.1,2003. She embarked on her second Voyage in the United State space shuttle Columbia on Jan 16,earlier.She was an Indian born American Astronaut.She died with other six astronauts in the Columbia shuttle Columbia on jan 16,earlier.She
was one of the six astronaut crew that flew the Columbia Flight STS-87in nov.1997 Chawla who had her schooling in Karnal (Haryana)and college education in Punjab did her Masters in Aerospase Engineering from the university of Taxes in in 1984 and Doctorate from Colorado University two year later. An avid flier, she held certified flight instructor’s license with Airplane and Gladder ratings, commercial Pilot L icense for single and multi-engine land and seaplanes
139.Jan. 9,the day Mahatma Gandhi return from South Agrica in 1915-was chosen to celebrate the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
140.The five day 90th session of the Lndian science congress conclude in Bangalore on Jan.7,2003.The focal theme of the congress was Vision for the global Space community.
141.Sriska and Ranthambore are the reserve for lion.
142.International Criminal court was launched formally in the mid march in the Hauge . The first eighteen judges took Oath in the grand ceremony. The court has been set up to handle genocide and the Worst case of war crime or mass atrocities against civilians when no national court is able or willing to do so.
143.Right to Education:-article 21A provides the free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen.
144.Freedom of information bill:- The parliament approved the “Freedom of information bill”.Now it is statutory right of the citizen to access information from the Government.
145.Right to Education :- article21A provides the free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen
146.Freedom of information bill:- The Parliament approved the “freedom of information bill”. Now it is statutory right of the citizen to access information from the Government.
149. Sapan is not a member of G-8 group.
150. APSARA is the name of the India’s first Nuclear Reactor.
151.The world environment day is celebrated on june 5.
152.Jainism:-Founded by (Rishabha)Varhamana Mahavira. He was a great 24th Triathankras (Pathfinder).Or prophet of Jainism .Mahavir was a greast Kshtiya ,born at Kundagram (Vaishali) in bihar. He came to be known as Mahavir of jina. The conqueror of passing; his following are known as Janis. He passed away at age 72 in 462 B. C at Pavapuri, a place near modern Rajgir . Mahavira Teaching are known as the “Tri Ratna” or the three jewels of Jainisn,which lead to the attainment of salvation . They are (I) Right Knowledge and (II) Right Action .The Janis used and developed Prakrit,The language of the common people .Their religious literature was written in Ardhamagadhi.
153.Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut in 1498.
154.Ist Chinese traveler, Fahein came to India during the period of chandra Gupta-II(Vikramaditya)
155.2nd Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang came to India during the region of Harshvardhana
156.Who is the Napoleon of India –Samundra Gupta for his military exploits.
157.Harshvardhana written three books-1.Priya Darshika 2.Rattanavali 3.Naga Nanda. The official poet of harshvardhana was bana bhatt .Bana bhatta composed harsha chirtra and kadambari
158.First battle of panipat in 1526 and founded the Mugahal dynasty in India
159.Second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and Ibrahim Lodhi at Panipat in 1556 Akbar Defeated Himu and became the ruled of Delhi and Agra
160 Third battle of Panipat fought between Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan and Marathas in 1761.In this third battle of Panipat Marathas were completely routed by Ahmed Shah Abdali.
161.Indian National Army was founded by Subash Chander Bose in 1943 in Singapore alongwith Rasbihari Bose. The main aim of Azad Hind Fauz was to liberation of India.
162.The Brahmo Samaj was established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 whose leadership was later taken by Debendernath tagore and Keshub Chande Sen.
163.The Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 attempted to reform the Hindu religion from its decadence.
164.The Ramakrishana Mission was founded by Swami Vevekananda in 1896 .
165.Annie besant:- Founded Theosophical society started home rule league in 1916. She was the first woman president of Indian National Congress.Indian National Congress Founded by A.O.Hume in 1885. However first President of Indian national congress was W.C. Banerjee.
166.Swadeshi movement was started in 1905.
167.Gadder party was founded by lala Hardayal singh in 1913 at Francisco.
168.Home rule league founded by Annie Besant and Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak in 1916.
169.Rowlatt Act. Passed in 1919.
170.Non-Co-Operation movement started in 1920 by Gandhi ji. This movement ended in 1922 after Chauri Chaura incident.
171.Simons commission –1928
172.Civil Disobedience movement-1930
173. “Do or die” –Mahatma Gandhi
174. “Nightingale of India”-Saorjini Naidu.
175. “Father of Indian Unrest”-Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak.
176. “Architect of India”- Pandit Nehru.
177. “Man of Peace”-Lal Bhadur Shastri.
178. “Iron Man of India”-Sardar.
179. “jai hind” –subash chander bose
180. “Grand old man of India” –Dada Bhai Naroji
Important Facts to Know for General Studies

181.Mughal Dynasty (1526-1540and 1555-1857)
1.Babur (1526-1530)
2.Humayum
3.Sher Shah Suri (1540-45)
4.Akber (1556-1605)
5.Jahangir (1605-1627)
6.Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
7.Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

182.BABUR:
-Founder of Mughal Empire
-1st battle of panipat between Babur and Ibrahim lodhi
183.HUMAYUN:
-Son of Babur
-Humayun Tomb at Delhi-1st Mughal Monument
184.SHER SHAH SURI:
-He was an Afghan
-Introduced a brilliant administration
-Issued a coin called ‘Rupia’
-Build Grand Trunk Road Linking Peshawar to Calcatta
185.AKBAR:
a. Eldest son of Humayun
b. Real founded of Mughal empire
c. Good works done by him
d. Popular for his toleration
e. Foundation of Din-e-illahi(code of conduct)
f. Akbar Tomb –Sikandria
g. Largest building built called ‘Agra Forte’
h. Abdul Fazal was a famous Poat who has written Aaine –Akbari ,Akbar –Name
186.JAHANGIR:
a. Real name Salim
b. Son of Akbar
c. He is known for his strict administration of Justice
d. He married Mehr-un-nissa or Nurjahan in 1661.
e. Jahangir’s Tomb built at Lohore
f. Exeecuted Guru Arjun Dev at the advice of Chand Singh
187.SHAH JAHAN:
a. Son of jahangir
b. His wife Mumtaz Mahal died in 1631
c. Built Taj Mahal in her memory in Agra
d. Known for promotion of Art
e. ‘Red Fort’ and ‘Jama Masjid’ got built by him
f. Shah Jahan was imprisoned by his third son Aurangzeb till he died in 1666
188.AURANGZEB:
a. Third son of shah jahan
b. Ruled for 50 years and he was a cruel king
c. Banned all religious festival and demolished Hindu Temples
d. Executed Guru Teg Bahadur Ji (9th Guru) when he refused to embrace Islam
189. NADIR SHAH:
a. A Persian King during the region of Mohamd Shah took the ‘Kohinoor’ diamond to Afghanistan
190.Who was the first Governor of free India –Lord Mountbatten
191. Who was the first Governor General of free India – C Rajagopalchari
192. Who was the first Governor of free British India –Warren Hasting(1772-1793)
193. Who was the first father of Civil Service in India-Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
194. Who abolished sati Pratha and other cruel rites –Lord W.Bentick (with the help of Raja ram Mohan Rai in 1829
195.Who introduced Widow remarriage Act.In 1856 –Lord Dalhousie
196.TRAI -Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
197.VAS-Voluntary Retirement Scheme
198.VAT-Value Added Tex
199.STD-Subscriber’s Trunk Dialing
200.ISD-Internationl Subscriber’ s Dialing
201.PAN – Permanent Account Number
202.PIN –Postal Index Number
203. NATO-North Atlantic treaty Organization
204.SAARC –South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
205.C.R.R.-Cash Reserve Ratio.
206. I.S.R.O. -Indian Space Research Organization.
207.NASA-National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
208.V.D.I.S. –Voluntary Disclosure Income Scheme
209. P.C.O. –Public Call Office
210. L.P.G. –Liquefied Petroleum gas
211.C.T.B.T. –Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
212. V.P.P. –Value Payable Post
213. L.C.A. – Light Combat Aircraft.
214. P.O.W. – Prisoner of War.
215. T.E.L.E.X – Teleprint Exchange.
216 L.C.C –Line of Actual Control.
217. CNG-Compressed Natural Gas.
218. SMS –Short Messaging Service.
219. OAPEC -Organization of Arab Peteoleum Exporting Copuriers.
220.OPEC -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
221.Interpol-International Crimunal Police Organisatiom it’s headquarter is in Lyons (Paris)
222.Who was the first man go to space- Yuri Gagran
223.Who was the first Indian go to in Space- Rakesh
224. Who was the first Indian woman go to in Space –Kalpna Chawla.
225. Who was the first man land on moon –Neil Armstrong on 21, July , 1969.
226. Bangalore is the Silicon City of the India.
227. Hyderabad is the hil – Tec.City of India.
228. 2004 Olympics to be held in Athens.
229. Misslie man of the India –A.P.J.Abdul Kalam Azad.
230. Capital of Fiji – Suva.
231. World’s largest river in South America’s Amazon which flows into South Atlantic. The source is Glacier –Fed- Lakes.
232. Which of the first Indian state to be recognized on the basis of language – Andhra Pardesh.
233. When were the Indian states re-organized on linguist basis – 1956.
234. Which scheduled deals with matters relating to
anti defection – 10th
235. Which scientist laid the foundation of atomic energy research in India – Homi J. Bhabha.
236. Which branch of science studies the relationship between matter and energy – Physics.
237. Which planet have no atmosphere –Mercury
238. Convex lenses are used for correction of –Short Sightedness
239. Which mirror is used as a rear view mirror in vehicles –Conves
240. Filament of an electric bulb is maid of –Tungsten
241. The oil in the wick of an oil lamp rises up due to –Capillary action
242. The best conductor of heat –Silver
243. A radar which defects the presence of an enemy air craft uses –Radio Waves
244. Velocity of round is maximum in –Steel
245. The terminal colure of Rainbow are –Rd & Blue
245. The gas extinguish fire is –Carbon Monoxide
246. The purest form of carbon is-Diamond.
Important Issues: Current Affairs

1. Which movie has won the best motion picture of the year award at Oscars, 2005-Million Dollar Baby
2 . Which political party has won the maximum number of seats in the recently held assembly elections in Bihar - Janta Dal –United
3. Jamie fox has won the best actor award in the Oscars, 2005. For which movie, He has been awarded – Ray
4. 77th Oscars, 2005 has awarded “Best actress award in a leading Role” To – Hilary swank
5. President of Afghanistan was on a visit to India during February – March, 2005. His name is -Mr. Hamid Karzai
6. Who is the richest Indian as per ‘Forbes’ list – Lakshmi Niwas Mittal
7. Which film has won the 51st National Film Awards, 2005 in the category of Best Feature film on National Integration also called ‘Nargis Dutt Award’ – Pinjar (Hindi)
8. Who has won Dada Saheb Falke Award, 2003 declared in the National Film Award ceremony, 2005 -Ashok Kumar (Posthumously)
9. Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, the President of India is the author of the book – The Wings of Fire and Ignited Minds
10. Nanavathi Commission relates to - Terrorists attack in Indian Parliament
11. A.D. stands for – Anno Domini
12. Tony Blair, Prime minister of Britain, belongs to – Labour Party
13. RSVP stands for - Respondez S’il Vous Plait
14. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to ……. in 1901 – J.H.Dunant
15.Which French Engineer designed the structure of the statute of liberty –
16.Which of the following is called the Mother of all Parliaments – The British Parliaments .
17. As per Human Development Report of 2004, what is full form of HDI – Human Development Index.
18. Alagh Committee relates to – Civil Services Examination.
19.. Treaty on ‘Ozone depletion’ – Montreal Treaty.
20.. First Chief Election Commissioner of India was – Sukumar Sen.
21.. East Timor received independence in 2002 from – Indonesia
22. First woman Prime Minister in the world was of – Sri Lanka.
23. Gratuity is paid at the rate of 15 Days wages for each completed year of service .
24. Postal service in India was opened to the public in 1837.
25. The person was facilitated with ‘Nishan-e-Pakistan’ – Dilip Kumar
26. The author of the book ‘Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince’is –J.K.Rowling.
27. ‘Fallujah’ city, which was recently in news, is in -Iraq
28. The Government of India recently announced a special development package of Rs. 250 crode for the development of –Manipur
29. M.S. Subbalakshmi who died recently was a famous –Classical Singer.
30. In Which country a non-resident Indian Mr. Bobby Jindal recently won the Parliamentary elections? –US
31. Where is Halebid–a place Which is well Knon for its elaboratedly sculptured temples of the Hoysala eriod?-Karnataka
32.Where is Meenakshi-a famous Hindu temple? –Madurai
33. Where is Sriharikota , India’s satellite launching centre? Andhra Pradesh
34. The Tower of Victory’ is Iocated in- Rajasthan.exander
35.Alexander Graham bell is credited with the invention of-Telephone.
36. ‘The Television’ was invented by-J.L.Baird.
37.where is the longest railway playtform in the world - Kharagpur
38. which of the following countries is called the land of white elephant - Thailand
39. The capital of Greece is – Athens
40.The Headquarters of United Nations Educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO) are located in-Paris.
41.Who is the first Indian recipient of the Olympic Gold Order-Indira Gandhi…`
42.The Largest monument in the world Quetzalcoatl Pyramid is in-Cairo
43.Which planets of our solar system do not have moons-Mercury and Venus.
44. Two of Ashoka’ s lion pillars built in the 3rd century B.C. stand perfectly preserved even today at their original location. One is at Lauriya Nandangarh. Where is the other?- Sarnath
45.Which article of the constitution of India provides for the post of Governor of state?-Article153
46.In which State is the Sun Temple Suryan Kovil located? –Tamil Nadu
47.At which of the following Olympic Games did the lndian Hockey team win its first gold medal?-Amsterdam
48. First Chief Election Commissioner of India was – Sukumar Sen.
49. East Timor received independence in 2002 from – Indonesia.
50. First woman Prime Minister in the world was of – Sri Lanka.
51. Deficiency disease Vitamin A-Night Blindness, Vitamin B –beriberi, Vitamin C – scurvy
Vitamin D –Rickets, Vitamin E-Skin and hair disease, Vitamin K – Clotting of Blood.
52. Rich sources of Vitamin A- Carrots, PEM- Protein Energy Malnutrients.
53..Disease due to deficiency of Iron – Anemia, Life time of RBC – 120 Days
Paper-I Communication Part-I
Information and Communication Technology

Communication: Introduction

Communication is an indispensable tool in all areas of human interaction. But it is a process that is complex. The extent of its complexity can be seen in the variety of ways in which it can be defined.
Thus, communication is any behaviour, verbal, nonverbal or graphic that is perceived by another. It involves a web of activities that differ in different situations. In the workplace, for example, you would probably communicate differently when talking formally to customers as compared to informally with a peer. How you perceive the situation will often determine your communication behavior.

Forms and Types of Communication

People communicate with each other in a variety of ways that depend on the message they want to send and the context in which it is to be sent. As a result there are a variety of forms and types of communication such as e-mail, face-to-face, telephone, meetings, corridor conversations and seminars. Dwyer categorises these into
three forms of communication - verbal, nonverbal and graphic
four types of communication - intrapersonal, interpersonal, public and mass.

Communication Models and Theories

Communication is a dynamic and interactive process'. Just as there are many definitions of communication, so there are many models of communication, each providing different views of how people transfer and interpret information. Like a jigsaw puzzle, each model provides a part of the picture, but no one model seems to cover all aspects.

Berlo's Model

Berlo's focus remained on the transmission model of communication. However, he introduced more of the human elements, such as the relationship between the message channel and the five senses
Effective communication involves both the sender and the receiver. The sender must be as clear as possible and the receiver must signal understanding or clarification. It involves both content and relationship elements
content = message, idea
relationship = emotions, power, status
personal Encoding and decoding are based on a person's perception of the world.

The Transmission Model

The transmission model is concerned with the transfer of meaning from the sender to the receiver . Communication is a one way process.


The Process Model

The transmission model was subsequently adapted to form the process models in which people transmit, receive, interpret and respond to messages with feedback. The process models have seven main elements:

Sender
Message
Receiver
Feedback
Channel
Context or setting (environment)
Noise or interference

In the process models, a message is encoded by the sender through a communication channel, such as voice or body language, and then decoded by the receiver. The receiver then provides feedback. The process is influenced by the context of the situation and any noise or interference.
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Notes on Communication: Continued

Communication Barriers

Ineffective communication can lead to errors, misunderstanding, poor performance, lower motivation and morale, negative feelings in the workplace and many other issues that may detract from achieving organisational goals. It is, therefore, important to try to minimise barriers to effective and efficient communication: communication barriers distort or interrupt the message and its meaning

Organizational Communication

Communication in an organisation may be used to influence, inform, control or inspire. Organisational communication can be divided into two broad categories - formal or structured (within the 'systems' established by management) and informal (as when co-workers chat about company matters). Both areas are significant and both need to be 'healthy' for the organisation to be healthy.

Formal Communication Channels and Networks

Formal communication channels follow the organisational structure or hierarchy and flow in four directions:

These four directions in which communication can travel are: downward; upward; lateral or horizontal; and diagonal.
Downward (1) communication involves communication from higher to lower levels so that leadership can communicate goals, strategies or role expectations.
Upward (2) communication flows from lower levels to higher levels of the organisation, for example, when there is a need to communicate problems, results or suggestions.
Horizontal (3) communication occurs across the same level and involves for example, coordination of activities with peers (teams, committees), dissemination of useful information from one department to another (for example sales forecasts from the sales department to production, and problems such as a problem with product design from the production department to research and development). Horizontal communication facilitates the l inking of different areas of expertise and this may encourage innovation.
Diagonal (4) channels may potentially cause conflict as they involve communication between the lower level of one department to a higher level in another. In the diagram above, this may cause friction between the employee in accounting department C and the Vice-President (VP) of Accounting as the employee has gone around his or her own superior. Nevertheless this type of communication may be useful as it may simply be information relevant to the Marketing Department and the VP Accounting does not need to be involved.

Formal communication networks also occur within the hierarchy of the organisation and reflect how groups of employees, for example those in a department, work together. Networking or mapping the flow of communication in an organisation can be a useful device. This can identify who is communicating with whom and whether the lines of communication are effective and efficient, or whether there is potential for destructive conflict or tension arising from the communication channels (for example, inappropriate diagonal communication).

Formal Communication: Problems and Solutions

Many communication problems arise from the structure of the organisation. Dwyer mentions three related organisational factors: centralisation; the creation of too many organisational layers; and the structure of the organisation. Other factors may include downsizing which leads to ambiguous reporting structure and poor leadership. Many of these problems may be overcome by:

analysing the organisation structure and communication networks for barriers to effectiveness and efficiency
ensuring downsizing is well planned and the 'survivors' (those left in the organisation) understand the impact of the process on communication networks and procedures
recruiting for competent communication, particularly when recruiting for leadership roles.

Informal Communication

Informal organisational communication exists outside the formal lines of the organisational structure. An example of this is friendship groups. The informal communication channel serves two main purposes: it permits employees to satisfy their need for social interaction in the workplace and it can improve an organisation's performance by creating alternative, and frequently faster and more efficient, channels of communication (Robbins et al. 2000).

One of the most common forms of informal communication is 'the grapevine'. According to Kreitner and Kinicki (1995) the term grapevine originated from the American Civil War practice of stringing battlefield telegraph lines between trees as a means of efficient communication. Now it supplements the formal channels of communication.
Paper-I Research Aptitude Part-I
UGC Notes: Research Methodology and Aptitude

Types of Research - Definitions

Action research is a methodology that combines action and research to examine specific questions, issues or phenomena through observation and reflection, and deliberate intervention to improve practice.

Applied research is research undertaken to solve practical problems rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge sake.

Basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.

Qualitative research is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs, motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies.

Quantitative research is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys.

Three basic types of questions that research projects:

Descriptive: When a study is designed primarily to describe what is going on or what exists. Public opinion polls that seek only to describe the proportion of people who hold various opinions are primarily descriptive in nature. For instance, if we want to know what percent of the population would vote for a BJP or Congress in the next election, we are simply interested in describing something.

Relational: When a study is designed to look at the relationships between two or more variables. A public opinion poll that compares what proportion of males and females say they would vote for a BJP or Congress candidate in the next election is essentially studying the relationship between gender and voting preference.

Causal: When a study is designed to determine whether one or more variables (e.g., a program or treatment variable) causes or affects one or more outcome variables. If we did a public opinion poll to try to determine whether a recent political advertising campaign changed voter preferences, we would essentially be studying whether the campaign (cause) changed the proportion of voters who would vote BJP or Congress (effect).

Time is an important element of any research design. The most fundamental distinctions in research design nomenclature: cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies. A cross-sectional study is one that takes place at a single point in time. In effect, we are taking a 'slice' or cross-section of whatever it is we're observing or measuring. A longitudinal study is one that takes place over time -- we have at least two (and often more) waves of measurement in a longitudinal design.

A variable is any entity that can take on different values. Anything that can vary can be considered a variable. For instance, age can be considered a variable because age can take different values for different people or for the same person at different times. Similarly, country can be considered a variable because a person's country can be assigned a value.

There is a distinction between an independent and dependent variable. In fact the independent variable is what you (or nature) manipulates -- a treatment or program or cause. The dependent variable is what is affected by the independent variable -- your effects or outcomes. For example, if you are studying the effects of a new educational program on student achievement, the program is the independent variable and your measures of achievement are the dependent ones.

A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) terms what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have hypotheses. Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory.
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UGC Notes: Research Methodology and Aptitude

Sampling: Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen. A response is a specific measurement value that a sampling unit supplies. If you measure the entire population and calculate a value like a mean or average, it is called parameter of the population. The distribution of an infinite number of samples of the same size as the sample in your study is known as the sampling distribution.

In sampling contexts, the standard error is called sampling error. Sampling error gives us some idea of the precision of our statistical estimate. A low sampling error means that we had relatively less variability or range in the sampling distribution. How do we calculate sampling error? on the standard deviation of our sample. The greater the sample standard deviation, the greater the standard error /the sampling error. The standard error is also related to the sample size. The greater your sample size, the smaller the standard error. Because the greater the sample size, the closer your sample is to the actual population itself. If you take a sample that consists of the entire population you actually have no sampling error because you don't have a sample, you have the entire population. In that case, the mean you estimate is the parameter.

Probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw.

The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random sampling. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Because simple random sampling is a fair way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results from the sample back to the population. Simple random sampling is not the most statistically efficient method of sampling and you may, just because of the luck of the draw, not get good representation of subgroups in a population.

Stratified Random Sampling, also sometimes called proportional or quota random sampling, involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. It assures that you will be able to represent not only the overall population, but also key subgroups of the population, especially small minority groups. Second, stratified random sampling will generally have more statistical precision than simple random sampling. This will only be true if the strata or groups are homogeneous.

The problem with random sampling methods when we have to sample a population that's disbursed across a wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot of ground geographically in order to get to each of the units you sampled. It is for precisely this problem that cluster or area random sampling was invented. In cluster sampling, we follow these steps:
1. divide population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries)
2. randomly sample clusters
3. measure all units within sampled clusters

Non-probability sampling. The difference between nonprobability and probability sampling is that nonprobability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. We can divide nonprobability sampling methods into two broad types: accidental or purposive. In accidental sampling, sample is chosen accidently and we have no evidence that they are representative of the populations we're interested in generalizing to and in many cases we would clearly suspect that they are not. e.g. college students in some psychological survey. In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking. For instance, have you ever run into people in a mall or on the street who are carrying a clipboard and who are stopping various people and asking if they could interview them? Most likely they are conducting a purposive sample. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a purposive sample, you are likely to get the opinions of your target population, but you are also likely to overweight subgroups in your population that are more readily accessible.

One of purposive sampling is quota sampling. In quota sampling, you select people nonrandomly according to some fixed quota. There are two types of quota sampling: proportional and non proportional. In proportional quota sampling you want to represent the major characteristics of the population by sampling a proportional amount of each. e.g. getting 40% females from a population of say 1000.

Then there is snowball sampling. In snowball sampling, you begin by identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your study. You then ask them to recommend others who they may know who also meet the criteria.

Research Design

Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment work together to try to address the central research questions. Design can be either experimental or non-experimental.

Data analysis is the last part of the research. In most social research the data analysis involves three major steps, done in roughly this order:

Cleaning and organizing the data for analysis (Data Preparation)
Describing the data (Descriptive Statistics)
Testing Hypotheses and Models (Inferential Statistics)

Data Preparation involves checking or logging the data in; checking the data for accuracy; entering the data into the computer; transforming the data; and developing and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures.

Descriptive Statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. With descriptive statistics you are simply describing what is, what the data shows.
Inferential Statistics investigate questions, models and hypotheses. In many cases, the conclusions from inferential statistics extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance, we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population thinks. Or, we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study. Thus, we use inferential statistics to make inferences from our data to more general conditions; we use descriptive statistics simply to describe what's going on in our data.
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Computer Basics I
WHAT ARE COMPUTERS?

Computers have been around since the Chinese Abacus. They are here to stay. There is a certain feel and flow to the logic that directs their activities.
Electronically, all computers work about the same. Computers vary widely in size and use. However all computers are similar in what the hardware does. So-called microcomputers (like your desktop Personal Computer (PC)) are designed for personal use, relatively low price, and modest data processing tasks.
Minicomputers are moderate sized (a small refrigerator size) and perform more complex tasks with larger amounts of data. Minicomputers might be used in a small engineering office or a local bank branch to send transaction data to a head office computer.
Mainframe computers are large, expensive and process billions of characters of data rapidly and fill entire rooms.
Finally, supercomputers are built to minimize distance between circuit boards and operate at very high speed for complex uses such as designing airplanes, animating complex movie sequences graphically or solving complex engineering formulas having billions of steps mathematically. Supercomputers are built for raw speed. Supercomputers are the main servers in the Internet System.
Some terms apply to all computers. INPUT is how data gets into a computer. The keyboard and mouse are familiar INPUT devices. OUTPUT references how data is provided from the computer. A Monitor or printer are good examples of OUTPUT devices.
PRIMARY STORAGE or MEMORY is the computer’s immediate data storage area - usually this is in small integrated circuit chips which hold data ONLY while power is supplied. This PRIMARY STORAGE area is thus temporary. More permanent SECONDARY STORAGE is used when computer power is off or when data overflows primary storage. This is usually floppy or hard disk drives but can include paper tapes, punch cards, or even non-volatile magnetic bubble memories.
A computer system includes computer hardware, software and people. A computer is a device capable of solving problems or manipulating data by accepting data, performing prescribed operations on the data, and displaying the results in the desired form. The computer is a useful tool for data (or Information) Input, storage, processing and output.

HISTORY -HOW, WHERE, WHEN DID IT ALL START?
The first computational device was the abacus. This has been in continuous use for thousands of years. During the 1600's the Pascal adding machine was developed. This was a mechanical device that laid the groundwork for today's odometers and gas meters. The 1800's saw many machines developed that were controlled by punch cards - weaving looms. The theoretical basis for electronic circuitry was developed in the mid 1800's.
In 1947, just after the first electronic computer was built, the transistor was invented, enabling the birth of vastly less expensive, more reliable computers. Even with transistors, computers were still too complex and costly for widespread use until the advent of the integrated circuit (IC) in 1961 made truly inexpensive computers possible at last.
From this point forth there were many firsts as computers became less mechanical, smaller, faster and cheaper. In 1971, IC technology progressed to a point where a complete central processing unit - the heart of the computer - could be integrated on a single piece off silicon, giving birth to the microprocessor. The microprocessor led to the personal computer. The Personal Computer is distinguished by its size, cost, and applications for small business and the home. The first one appeared in January 1975 and was the Altair 8800 kit. Only hobbyists bought these. Then the Radio Shack TRS 80 and Apple computers hit the market as the first pre-assembled microcomputers.
Market growth remained sluggish until two business students - Dan Bricklin and Dan Fylstra - developed a program to run on Apple computers to handle the tedious recalculations in their school assignments. This program was called VisiCalc and is the forerunner to the spreadsheet program Lotus 123.
With VisiCalc as a useful tool, Apple sales took off. Apple became the standard because all programs were written for Apple. Today in the US, Apple still dominates the school market.
In 1981 IBM introduced its PC. IBM’s legacy still dominates the industry today. The PC was unable to run Apple software. Unlike Apple or other IBM products, the IBM PC had an open architecture. This means the technical details of how it operated were published with the product's introduction. This permitted hundreds of companies to write software (programs) for the IBM PC and a variety of hardware accessories. Adding IBM's sterling reputation, the open architecture did enable rapid market penetration. The microcomputer was no longer a toy, it was a business tool.
The open architecture also allowed for the generation of a host of lower cost compatible computers. IBM had traded quick initial market entry for eventual erosion of market share. In both instances, the consumers' benefit. In the early 90s Computers were applied variously in the fields of Science, Technology and Space exploration.
Initially, PCs revolutionized how businesses are run, but today, computers deepest impact are felt in the merging of Communications and Information. The emergence of the World Wide Web and the explosion of Internet usage is having far-reaching effects on all aspects of society.
Success and progress in all spheres of life, is now driven by Information and Technology. The future is bright, but it is up to every user of the technology to see that it is used to positive effect.
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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
• 1937 - John V. Atanasoff designed the first digital electronic computer
• 1939 - Atanasoff and Clifford Berry demonstrate in Nov. the ABC prototype
• 1941 - Konrad Zuse in Germany developed in secret the Z3
• 1943 - In Britain, the Colossus was designed in secret at Bletchley Park to decode German messages
• 1944 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark I mechanical computer for the Navy
• 1945 - John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built ENIAC at U of PA for the U.S. Army
• 1946 - Mauchly and Eckert start Electronic Control Co., received grant from National Bureau of Standards to build a ENIAC-type computer with magnetic tape input/output, renamed UNIVAC in 1947 but run out of money, formed in Dec. 1947 the new company Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC).
• 1948 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark III electronic computer with 5000 tubes
• 1948 - U of Manchester in Britain developed the SSEM Baby electronic computer with CRT memory
• 1949 - Mauchly and Eckert in March successfully tested the BINAC stored-program computer for Northrop Aircraft, with mercury delay line memory and a primitive magentic tape drive; Remington Rand bought EMCC Feb. 1950 and provided funds to finish UNIVAC
• 1950- Commander William C. Norris led Engineering Research Associates to develop the Atlas, based on

[silentZen]

It was the breezy advice approach serves two capital purposes: it permits advisers to amuse their charge for amusing alternation in the abode and it can advance an organisation's achievement by creating alternative, and frequently faster and added efficient, channels of advice (Robbins et al. 2000).

[johnlee]

I guess a paper and cardboard materials can you recycle in Montreal...