06-08-2008, 10:43 AM
Syllabus for Entrance Exam in CCTET-08
Section- A: PHYSICS
UNIT 1:Units and Measurement
Units for measurement, system of units - S.I., fundamental and derived units.Dimensions and their applications.
UNIT 2
escription of Motion in one dimension
Motion in a straight line, uniform motion,its graphical representation. Uniformly accelerated motion, and its applications.
UNIT 3escription of Motion in Two and Three dimensions
Scalars and vectors, vector addition, multiplication of a vector by a real number, zero-vector and its properties.Resolution of vectors.Scalar and vector products, uniform circular motion and its applications, projectile motion.
UNIT 4:Laws of Motion
Force and inertia-Newton's Laws of motion.Conservation of linear momentum, rocket propulsion.Inertial frames of references.Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
UNIT 5:Work, Energy and Power
Concept of work, energy and power, Energy-kinetic and potential.Conservation of energy.Elastic collisions in one and two dimensions.Different forms of energy.
UNIT 6:Rotational Motion and Moment of Inertia
Centre of mass of a two-particle system.Centre of mass of a rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion, torque, angular momentum,conservation of angular momentum and its applications.Moment of Inertia and its physical significance, parallel and perpendicular axes theorem, expression of moment of inertia for ring, disc and sphere.
UNIT 7:Gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity, one and two-dimensional motion under gravity. Universal law of gravitation, variation in the acceleration due to gravity of the earth. Planetary motion, artificial satellite - geostationary satellite, gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth, gravitational potential and escape velocity.
UNIT 8
roperties of Matter
Inter-atomic and inter-molecular forces, states of matter (A) Solids : Elastic properties, Hook's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity.
(B) Liquids : Cohesion and adhesion.Surface energy and surface tension.Flow of fluids, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications.Viscosity, Stoke's Law, terminal velocity.
© Ideal gas laws.
UNIT 9:Oscillations
Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion and its equation of motion, energy in S.H.M., Oscillations of a spring and simple pendulum.
UNIT 10:Waves
Wave motion, speed of a wave, longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves, progressive and standing waves, vibration of strings and air-columns, beats, resonance.Doppler effect in sound.
UNIT 11:Heat and Thermodynamics
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases and their specific heats, relationship between Cp and Cv for gases, first law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes.Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, efficiency of heat engines.
UNIT 12:Transference of heat
Modes of transference of heat.Thermal conductivity.Black body radiations, Kirchoff's law, Wien's law, Stefan's law of radiation and Newton's law of cooling.
UNIT 13:Electrostatics
Charges and their conservation, Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of charge, dielectric constant, electric field, lines of force, field due to dipole and its behavior in a uniform electric field, electric flux, Gauss's law in simple geometries.Electric potential, potential due to a point charge.Conductors and insulators, distribution of charge on conductors.Capacitance, parallel plate capacitor, combination of capacitors, energy of capacitor, van de graf generator.
UNIT 14:Current Electricity
Current as a rate of flow of charges,sources of energy,cells-primary and secondary,grouping of cells resistance of different materials,temperature dependence, specific resistance, Ohm's law, Kirchoff's law, series and parallel circuits.Wheatstone Bridge, measurement of voltages and currents, potentiometer.
UNIT 15:Thermal and Chemical Effects of currents
Heating effects of current, electric power, simple concept of thermo electricity -(Seeback effect and its explanation), thermocouple, Chemical effects of current and laws of electrolysis.
UNIT 16:Magnetic Effects of Currents
Oersted's experiment, Biot-Savert's law (magnetic field due to a current element), magnetic field due to a straight wire, circular loop and solenoid, force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field (Lorentz force), forces and torques on currents in a magnetic field, force between two current carrying wires, moving coil galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter.
UNIT 17:Magnetostatics
Bar magnet, magnetic field, lines of force, torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer, para, dia and ferro-magnetism, magnetic induction, magnetic susceptibility.
UNIT 18:Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Induced e.m.f., Farady's Law, Lenz's Law, self and mutual induction, alternating currents, impedance and reactance, power in a.c. circuits, LCR series combination, resonant circuits. Transformer, simple motor, and A.C. generator.
UNIT 19:Ray Optics
Sources of light, luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance and photometry(elementary idea). Reflection and refraction of light at plane and curved surfaces, total internal reflection, optical fibre; deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Lens formula, magnification and resolving power; microscope and telescope.
UNIT 20:Wave Optics
Wave nature of light; Interference - Young's double slit experiment.Diffraction-diffraction due to a single slit.Elementary idea of polarization,Doppler effect of light.
UNIT 21:Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic oscillations, Electromagnetic wave spectrum from gamma to radio waves-their uses and propogation properties of the atmosphere w.r.t. electromagnetic spectrum.
UNIT 22:Electrons and Photons
Discovery of electrons, cathode rays, charge on an electron, e/m for an electron, photoelectric effect and Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect.
UNIT 23:Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
Rutherford model of the atom, Bohr's model, energy quantizations, hydrogen spectrum; Atomic masses, size of the nucleus; Radioactivity; rays and their properties-alpha, beta and gamma decay; half life and mean life of radio-active nuclei, Binding energy, mass energy relationship, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
UNIT 24:Solids and Semi-Conductor Devices
Energy bands in solids, conductors, insulators and semi-conductors, PN junction, diodes, diode as rectifier, junction transistor, transistor as an amplifier.
Section-B: CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1:Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic
Measurement in chemistry (significant figures, SI unit, Dimensional analysis).Chemical classification of matter (mixtures, compounds and elements, and purification).Law of chemical combination and Dalton's Atomic theory.Atomic Mass (mole concept, determination of chemical formulae).Chemical equation (balancing of chemical equation and calculations using chemical equations).
UNIT 2:Elements, their Occurrence and extraction
Earth as a source of elements, elements in biology, extraction of metals (mettallurgical process, production of concentrated ore, production of metals and their purification).Mineral wealth of India.Qualitative test of metals.
UNIT 3:States of Matter Gaseous state
(measurable properties of gases, Boyle's Law, Charle's Law and absolute scale of temperature, Avogadro’s hypothesis, ideal gas equation, Dalton's law of partial pressure).Kinetic molecular theory of gases (the microscopic model of gas, deviation form ideal behaviour).
The solid state (classification of solids, X-ray studies of crystal lattices and unit cells, packing of constituent particles in crystals).Liquid state (Properties of liquids, Vapour pressure, Surface tension, Viscosity).
UNIT 4:Atomic Structures Constituents of the atom
(Discovery of electron, Rutherford model of the atom).Electronic structure of atoms (nature of light and electromagnetic waves, atomic spectra, Bohr’s model of Hydrogen atom, Quantum mechanical model of the atom, electronic configurations of atoms, Aufbau principle).
Dual nature of matter and radiation.The uncertainty principle.Orbitals and Quantum numbers.Shapes of orbitals.Electronic configuration of atoms.
UNIT 5:Chemical Families - Periodic Properties
Mendeleev's Periodic Table, Modern Periodic Law, Types of elements (Representative elements-s & p block elements, inner transition elements - d-block elements, inner transition elements - f-block elements).Periodic trends in properties.(Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valence, periodicity in properties of compounds).
UNIT 6:Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure
Chemical bonds and Lewis structure shapes of molecules (VSEPR theory).Quantum theory of the covalent bond (Hydrogen and some other simple molecules, carbon compounds, hybridization, Boron and Beryllium compounds).
Coordinate covalent bond (Ionic bond as an extreme case of polar covalent bond, ionic character of molecules and polar molecules.Bonding in solid state (Ionic, molecular and covalent solids, metals).Hydrogen bond, Resonance.
Molecules: Molecular orbital method. Formation of H2, O2, N2, F2 on the basis of MOT. Hybridisation, Dipole moment and structure of molecules.
UNIT 7:The Solid State
Structure of simple ionic compounds.Close-packed structures.Ionic-radii, Silicates (elementary ideas).Imperfection in solids (point defects only).Properties of solids, Amorphous solids.The Gaseous state.Ideal gas equation-Kinetic theory (fundamentals only).
UNIT 8:Solutions
Types of solutions, Vapour-pressure of solutions and Raoult's law.Colligative properties.Non-ideal solutions and abnormal molecular masses.Mole concpt-stoichemistry, volumetric analysis-concentration unit.
UNIT 9:Chemical Energetics and Thermodynamics
Energy changes during a chemical reaction,Internal energy and Enthalpy (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Enthalpy changes, Origin of Enthalpy change in a reaction, Hess's Law of constant heat summation, numericals based on these concepts).Heats of reactions (heat of neutralization, heat of combustion, heat of fusion and vaporization).Sources of energy (conservation of energy sources and identification of alternative sources, pollution associated with consumption of fuels. The sun as the primary source)
. First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy, Enthalpy, application of first law of thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy, Free energy, Spontaneity of a chemical reaction, free energy change and chemical equilibrium, free energy available for useful work.
UNIT 10:Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas equilibrium involving dissolution of solid in liquids, gases in liquids, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes).Equilibria involving chemical systems (the law of chemical equilibrium, the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, numerical problems).Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (change of concentration, change of temperature, effect of catalyst-Le Chateliar’s principle).
Equilibria involving ions (ionization of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes, acid-base equilibrium, various concepts of acids and bases, ionization of water, pH, solubility product, numericals based on these concepts).
UNIT 11:Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Oxidation and reduction as an electron transfer process.Redox reactions in aqueous solutions-electrochemical cells.EMF of a galvanic cell.Dependence of EMF on concentration and temperature (nearest equation and numerical problems based on it).Electrolysis, Oxidation numbers (rules for assigning oxidation number, redox reactions in terms of oxidation number and nomenclature). Balancing of oxidation-reduction equations.
Electrolytic conduction. Voltaic cell, Electrode potential and Electromotive force, Gibb's free energy and cell potential.Electrode potential and Electrolysis.
UNIT 12:Rates of Chemical Reactions and Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction, Instantaneous rate of reaction and order of reaction.Factors affecting rates of reactions (factors affecting rate of collisions encountered between the reactant molecules, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy, catalysis).Effect of light on rates of reactions.Elementary reactions as steps to more complex reactions.How fast are chemical reactions.
Rate expression.Order of a reaction (with suitable examples).Units of rates and specific rate constants.Order of reaction and effect of concentration.(study will be confined to first order only).Temperature dependence of rate constant - Fast reactions (only elementary idea).Mechanism of reaction (only elementary idea).Photochemical reactions
. UNIT 13:Chemistry of Hydrocarbons
Alkanes (structure, isomerism, conformation).Stereo Isomerism and chirality (origin of chirality, optical rotation, racemic mixture)Alkenes (isomerism including cis-trans). Alkynes Arenes (structure of benzene, resonance structure, isomerism in arenes). Sources of hydrocarbons (origin and composition of coal and petroleum; Hydrocarbons from coal and petroleum cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline-octane number, gasoline additives). Laboratory preparation of alkanes (preparation from unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkyl halides and carboxylic acids). Laboratory preparation of alkenes (preparation from alcohols, alkyl halides). Laboratory prepration of alkynes (preparation from calcium carbide and accetylene). Physical properties of alkanes( boiling and melting points, solubility and density). Reactions of hydrocarbons (oxidation, addition, substitution and miscellaneous reactions).
UNIT 14urification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds
Purification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography).Qualitative analysis (analysis of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens). Quantitative analysis (estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen).Determination of molecular mass (Victor Mayer’s method, volumetric method).Calculation of empirical formula and molecular formula.Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, modern methods of structure elucidation.
UNIT 15:Organic Chmistry Based on Functional Group-I
(Halides and Hydroxy compounds) Nomenclature of compounds containing halogen atoms and hydroxyl groups : haloalkanes, haloarenes; alcohols and phenols.Correlation of physical properties and uses. Preparation, properties and uses of following : Polyhalogen compounds : Chloroform, Idoform Polyhydric compounds, Ethane 1, 2-diol; Propane-1,2,3 triol Structure and reactivity - (a) Induction effect, (b) Mesomeric effect, © Electrophiles and Nucleophiles, (d) Types of organic reaction.
UNIT 16:Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Group II
(Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives).Nomenclature of ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives. (acylhalides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters).General methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structures, chemical properties and uses.(Note : Specific compounds should not be stressed for the purpose of evaluation)
UNIT 17:Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Group-III
(Cyanides, isocyanides, nitrocompounds and amines)Nomenclature and classification of amines, cynadies, isocyanides, nitro compounds and their method of preparation; correlation of physical properties with structure, chemical reactions and uses.
UNIT 18:Chemistry of Non-metals - I
(Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen) Hydrogen (position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, properties, reactions and uses) Oxygen (occurrence, preparation, properties and reactions, uses, simple oxides; ozone) Water and hydrogen peroxide (structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, water softening, hydrogen peroxides, preparation, properties, structure and uses).Nitrogen(Preparation, properties, uses, compounds of Nitrogen - Ammonia, Oxides of Nitrogen, Nitric Acid - preparation, properties and uses).
UNIT 19:Chemistry of Non-metals - II
(Boron, Carbon, Silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, halogens and the noble gases) Boron (occurrence, isolation, physical and chemical properties, borax and boric acid, uses of boron and its compounds).Carbon, inorganic compounds of carbon (oxides, halides, carbides), elemental carbon. Silicon (occurrence, preparation and properties, oxides and oxyacids of phosphorus, chemical fertililzers).Sulphur (occurrence and extraction, properties and reactions, oxides: Sulphuric acid - preparation, properties and uses, sodium thiosulphate).Halogens (occurrence, preparation, properties, hydrogen halides, uses of halogens).Noble gases (discovery, occurrence and isolation, physical properties, chemistry of noble gases and their uses).
UNIT 20:Chemistry of lighter Metals
Sodium and Potassium (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds - NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCI, KOH).Magnesium and calcium (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds MgCl2, MgSO4, CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaSO4, plaster of paris).Aluminium (occurrence, extraction, properties and uses, compounds - AlCl3, alums).Cement. Biological role of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium.
UNIT 21:Heavy Metals
Iron (Occurrence and extraction, compounds of iron, oxides, halides, sulphides, sulphate, alloy and steel).Copper, silver and gold (occurrence and extractions, properties and uses, compound - sulphides, halides and sulphates, photography).Zinc and Mercury (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compound-oxides, halides; sulphides and sulphates).Tin and Lead (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compounds - oxides, sulphides, halides).
UNIT 22:Chemistry of Representative Elements
Periodic properties - Trends in groups and periods (a) Oxides-nature (b) Halides-melting points © Carbonates and sulphates - solubility.The chemistry of s and p block elements, electronic configuration, general characteristics properties and oxidation states of the following :-
Group 1 elements - Alkali metals
Group 2 elements - Alkaline earth metals
Group 13 elements - Boron family
Group 14 elements - Carbon family
Group 15 elements - Nitrogen family
Group 16 elements - Oxygen family
Group 17 elements - Halogen family
Group 18 elements - Noble gases and Hydrogen
UNIT 23:Transition Metals including Lanthanides
Electronic configuration: General characteristic properties, oxidation states of transition metals.First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds-oxides, halides and sulphides.General properties of second and third row transition elements (Groupwise discussion).Preparation, properties and uses of Potassium dichromate, Potassium permaganate. Inner Transition Elements: General discussion with special reference to oxidation states and eamthanide contraction.
UNIT 24:Coordination Chemistry and Organo Metallics
Coordination compounds, Nomenclature : Isomerism in coordination compounds; Bonding in coordination compounds, Werner's coordination theory.
UNIT 25:Nuclear Chemistry
Nature of radiation from radioactive substances.Nuclear reactions; Radioactive disintegration series; Artificial transmutation of elements; Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion: Isotopes and their applications:Radio carbon-dating.
UNIT 26:Synthetic and Natural Polymers
Classification of Polymers, natural and synthetic polymers (with stress on their general methods of preparation) and important uses of the following : Teflon, PVC, Polystyrene, Nylon-66, terylene Environmental pollution - pollutants - services - check and alternatives.
UNIT 27:Surface Chemistry
Surfaces : Adsorption Colloids - (Preparation and general properties), Emulsions, Micelles
Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous, structure of catalyst.
UNIT 28:Bio Molecules and Biological Processes
The Cell Carbohydrates : Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides Amino Acides and Peptides - Structure and classification. Proteins and Enzymes - Structure of Proteins, Role of enzymes. Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA Biological functions of Nucleic acids – Protein synthesis and replication Lipids - Structure, membranes and their functions.
UNIT 29:Chemistry in Action
Dyes, Chemicals and medicines (antipyretic, analgesic, antibiotics & tranquilesers), Rocket propellants.(Structural formulae non-evaluative)
Section-C: MATHEMATICS
I. ALGEBRA
UNIT 1:Sets, Relations and Functions
Sets and their Representations, Union, intersection and complements of sets, and their algebraic properties, Relations, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings.
UNIT 2:Complex Numbers
Complex number in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane.Argand diagram.Algebra of complex numbers, Modulous and Arguments (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number.Cube roots of unity, triangle- inequality.
UNIT 3:Matrices and Determinants
Determinants and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, Evaluation of determinants.Area of triangles using determinants, Addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrix.Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices.
UNIT 4:Quadratic Equations
Quadratic equation in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; Symmetric functions of roots.
UNIT 5ermutation and Combination
Fundamental principle of counting; Permutation as an arrangement. Meaning of P(n,r) and C(n,r). Simple applications.
UNIT 6:Mathematical Induction and Its applications
UNIT 7:Binomial Theorem and its Applications
Binomial Theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; Binomial Theorem for any index. Properties of Binomial Co-efficients. Simple applications for approximations.
UNIT 8:Sequences and Series
Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic progressions. Special cases of Sn, Sn2, Sn3 . Arithmetic-Geometric Series, Exponential and Logarithmic series.
II. CALCULUS
UNIT 9ifferential Calculus
Polynomials, rational, trigonometric,logarithmic and exponential functions, Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, Continuity; differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions.differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto three.Applications of derivative: monotonic functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.
UNIT 10:Integral Calculus
Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Integral as limit of a sum. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of indefinite integrals; Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves.
UNIT 11ifferential Equations
Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables. Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations.
III. TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
UNIT 12:Two dimensional Geometry
Recall of Cartesian system of Rectangular co-ordinates in a plane, distance formula, area of a triangle, condition for the collinearity of three points and section formula, centroid and in-centre of a triangle, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.
The straight line and pair of straight lines
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrency of three lines, distance of point from a line, coordinates of orthocentre and circumcentre of triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines, homogeneous equation of second degree in x and y, angle between pair of lines through the origin, combined equation of the bisectors of the angles between a pair of lines, condition for the general second degree equation to represent a pair of lines, point of intersection and angle between two lines represented by S = O and the factors of S.
Circles and system of Circles
Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to the circle, length of the tangent, equation of the tangent, equation of a family of circles through the intersection of two circles, condition for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal.
Conic Section
Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point(s) of tangency.
UNIT 13:Three dimensional Geometry
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between the points; Section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines, equations of a line and a plane in different forms; intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines, equation of a sphere, its centre and radius. Diameter form of the equation of a sphere.
IV. VECTORS
UNIT 14:Vector Algebra
Vectors and Scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, vector triple product. Application of vectors to plane geometry.
V. STATISTICS
UNIT 15:Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Calculation of Mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
UNIT 16robability
Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their applications; Conditional probability; Probability distribution of a random variable; Binomial distribution and its properties.
VI. TRIGONOMETRY
UNIT 17
Trigonometrical ratios, identities and equations. Inverse trigonometric functions and their properties. Properties of triangles, solution of triangles. Heights and Distances.
VII. STATICS AND DYNAMICS
UNIT 18:Statics
Resultant of Coplanar forces; moments and couples. Equilibrium of three concurrent forces.
UNIT 19ynamics
Speed and velocity, average speed, instantaneous speed, acceleration and retardation, resultant of two velocities, relative velocity and its simple applications. Motion of a particle along a line, moving with constant acceleration. Motion under gravity. Laws of motion, Projectile motion.
Section-D: BIOLOGY (Botany & Zoology)
Unit 1:The Living World
Nature and scope of Biology.Methods of Biology.Our place in the universe.Laws that govern the universe and life.Levels of organisation.Cause and effect relationship.
Being alive - what it means? Present approach to understand life processes - molecular approach; life as an expression of energy; steady state and homeostasis; self duplication and survival; adaptation; death as a positive part of life.
Origin of life and its maintenance.Origin and diversity of life.Physical and chemical principles that maintain life processes, the living crust and interdependence.The positive and negative aspects of progress in biological sciences.The future of the living world, identification of human responsibility in shaping our future.
Unit 2:Unity of Life
Cell as a unit of life.Small biomolecules; water, minerals, mono - and oligosaccharides, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and their chemistry, cellular location and function.Macromolecules in cells -their chemistry, cellular location and functional significance. Polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids.Enzymes; chemical nature, classification, mechanism in action-enzyme complex, allosteric modulation (brief), irreversible activation.Biomembranes.Fluid mosaic model of membrane in transport and recognition of external information (brief). Structural organisation of the cell; light and electron microscopic views of cell, its organelles and their functions; Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum.Golgi complex, Lysosomes, microtubules, cell wall, cilia and flagella, vacuoles, cell inclusions.A general account of cellular respiration.Fermentation, biological oxidation, mitochondrial electron transport chain, high energy bonds and oxidative phosphorylation, cell reproduction; Process of mitosis and meiosis.
Unit 3iversity of Life
IntroductionThe enormous variety of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety; taxonomy and phylogeny; shortcoming of a two kingdom classification as plants and animals; a five kingdom classification.Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.The basic features of five kingdom classification; modes of obtaining nutrition-autotrophs and heterotrophs.Life styles: producers, consumers and decomposers, Unicellularity and multicellularity, phylogenetic relationships.Concepts of species, taxon and categories -hierarchical levels of classification; binomial nomenclature; principles of classification and nomenclature; identification and nature of viruses and bacteriophages and organisms.Kingdom Monera-archaebacteria -life in extreme environments; Bacteria, actinomycetes, Cyanobacteria.Examples to illustrate autotrophic and heterotrophic life style; mineralizer-nitrogen fixers; Monera in cycling matter; symbiotic forms; disease producers.Kingdom Protista-Eucarytoic unicellular organisms; development of flagella and cilia; beginning of mitosis; syngamy and sex. Various life styles shown in the major phyla. Evolutionary precursors of complex life forms. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, protozoan; symbiotic forms. Plant kingdom -- complex autotrophs, red, brown and green algae; conquest of land, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Vascularization; development of flower, fruit and seed. Kingdom fungi - Iower fungi (Zygomycetes) higher fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes); the importance of fungi.Decomposers; parasitic forms; lichens and mycorrhizae, animal kingdom - animal body pattern and symmetry.The development of body cavity in invertebrate vertebrate phyla.Salient feature with reference to habitat and examples of phylum porifera, coelenterata, helminths, annelids, mollusca, arthropoda, echinoderms; chordata (classes - fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) highlighting major characters.
Unit 4:Organism and Environment
Species: Origin and concept of species, population; interaction between environment and populations; community. Biotic community, interaction between different species, biotic stability, changes in the community - succession. Ecosystem; Interaction between biotic and abiotic components; major ecosystems, manmade ecosystem - Agroecosystem. Biosphere; flow of energy, trapping of solar energy, energy pathway, food chain, food web, biogeochemical cycles, calcium and sulphur, ecological imbalance and its consequences. Conservation of natural resources; renewable and non-renewable (in brief). Water and land management, wasteland development. Wild life and forest conservation; causes for the extinction of some wild life, steps taken to conserve the remaining species, concept of endangered species - Indian examples, conservation of forest; Indian forests, importance of forests, hazards of deforestation, afforestation. Environmental pollution; air and water pollution, sources, major pollutants of big cities of our country, their effects and methods of control, pollution due to nuclear fallout and waste disposal, effect and control, noise pollution - sources and effects.
Unit 5: Multicellularity: Structure and Function - Plant Life
Form and function.Tissue system in flowering plants; meristematic and permanent.Minerals nutrition - essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals.Modes of nutrition, transport of solutes and water in plants, Photosynthesis; photochemical and biosynthetic phases, diversity in photosynthetic pathways, photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphoryliation, photorespiration.Transpiration and exchange of gases.Stomatal mechanism. Osmoregulation in plants; water relations in plant cells, water potential.Reproduction and development in Angiosperm plants; asexual and sexual. Structure and functions of flower: development of male and female gametophytes in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit.Differentiation and organ formation.Plant hormones and growth regulation; action of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy and germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission.Applications of synthetic growth regulators.A brief account of growth and movement in plants.
Unit 6:Multicellularity: Structure and Function - Animal Life
Animal tissues, epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve. Animal nutrition; organs of digestion and digestive process, nutritional requirements for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins: nutritional imbalances and deficiency diseases. Gas exchange and transport: Pulmonary gas exchange and organs involved, transport of gases in blood, gas exchange in aqueous media. Circulation: closed and open vascular systems, structure and pumping action of heart, arterial blood pressure, lymph. Excretion and osmoregulation.Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, uricotelism, excretion of water and urea with special reference to man.Role of kidney in regulation of plasma, osmolarity on the basis of nephron structure, skin and lungs in excretion. Hormonal coordination; hormones of mammals, role of hormones as messengers and regulators. Nervous coordination: central, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, receptors, effectors, reflex action, basic physiology of special senses, integrative control by neuroendocrinal systems.Locomotion; joints, muscle movements, types of skeletal muscles according to types of movement, basic aspects of human skeleton. Reproduction; human reproduction, female reproductive cycles.Embryonic development in mammals (upto three germ l ayers).
Unit 7:Continuity of Life
Heredity and variation: Introduction, Mendel's experiments with peas and idea of factors. Mendel's laws of inheritance.Genes: Packaging of heredity material in prokaryotes - bacterial chromosome; plasmid and eukaryote chromosomes.Extranuclear genes, viral genes, linkage(genetic) maps. Sex determination and sex linkage. Genetic material and its replication, Gene expression; genetic code, transcription, translation, gene regulation.Molecular basis of differentiation.
Unit 8:Origin and Evolution of Life
Origin of life: Living and non-living, chemical evolution, organic evolution; Oparin ideas, Miller-Urey experiments. Intererelationship among living organisms and evidences of evolution: fossil records including geological time scale, Morphological evidence - homology, vestigial organs, embryological similarities and biogeographical evidence.
Darwin's two major contributions.Common origin of living organisms and recombination as sources of variability, selection acts upon variation, adaptation (Ledergerg's replica plating experiment for indirect selection of bacterial mutants), reproductive isolation, speciation.Role of selection change and drift in determining composition of population.Selected examples: industrial melanism; drug resistance, mimicry, malaria in relation to G-6-PD deficiency and sickle cell disease.Mutation- Their role in speciation. Their origin in speciation, their origin in organisms.
Unit 9:Application of Biology
Biofertilisers - green manure, crop residues and nitrogen fixation (symbiotic, non-symbiotic). Applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crops. Domestication and introduction of animals. Livestock, poultry, fisheries (fresh water, marine, aquaculture). Improvement of animals: principles of animal breeding.Major animal diseases and their control. Insects and their products (silk, honey, wax and lac). Bioenergy, biomass, wood (combustion, gasification, ethanol). Cow dung cakes, gobar gas, plants as sources of hydrocarbons for producing petroleum, ethanol from starch and lignocellulose. Biotechnology, a brief historical account-manufacture of cheese, yoghurt, alcohol, yeast, vitamins, organic acids, antibiotics, steroids, dextrins. Scaling up laboratory findings to Industrial production. Production of insulin, human growth hormones, interferon. Communicable diseases including diseases spread through blood transfusion (hepatitis, AIDS, etc) Immune response, vaccines and antisera. Allergies and Inflammations. Inherited diseases and dysfunctions, sex-Iinked diseases, genetic incomptibilities, and genetic counselling. Cancer - major types, causes, diagnosis and treatment. Tissue and organ transplantation. Industrial wastes, toxicology, pollution-related diseases. Biomedical engineering -spare parts for man, instruments for diagnosis of diseases and care.
Section- A: PHYSICS
UNIT 1:Units and Measurement
Units for measurement, system of units - S.I., fundamental and derived units.Dimensions and their applications.
UNIT 2
escription of Motion in one dimensionMotion in a straight line, uniform motion,its graphical representation. Uniformly accelerated motion, and its applications.
UNIT 3
escription of Motion in Two and Three dimensionsScalars and vectors, vector addition, multiplication of a vector by a real number, zero-vector and its properties.Resolution of vectors.Scalar and vector products, uniform circular motion and its applications, projectile motion.
UNIT 4:Laws of Motion
Force and inertia-Newton's Laws of motion.Conservation of linear momentum, rocket propulsion.Inertial frames of references.Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
UNIT 5:Work, Energy and Power
Concept of work, energy and power, Energy-kinetic and potential.Conservation of energy.Elastic collisions in one and two dimensions.Different forms of energy.
UNIT 6:Rotational Motion and Moment of Inertia
Centre of mass of a two-particle system.Centre of mass of a rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion, torque, angular momentum,conservation of angular momentum and its applications.Moment of Inertia and its physical significance, parallel and perpendicular axes theorem, expression of moment of inertia for ring, disc and sphere.
UNIT 7:Gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity, one and two-dimensional motion under gravity. Universal law of gravitation, variation in the acceleration due to gravity of the earth. Planetary motion, artificial satellite - geostationary satellite, gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth, gravitational potential and escape velocity.
UNIT 8
roperties of Matter Inter-atomic and inter-molecular forces, states of matter (A) Solids : Elastic properties, Hook's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity.
(B) Liquids : Cohesion and adhesion.Surface energy and surface tension.Flow of fluids, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications.Viscosity, Stoke's Law, terminal velocity.
© Ideal gas laws.
UNIT 9:Oscillations
Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion and its equation of motion, energy in S.H.M., Oscillations of a spring and simple pendulum.
UNIT 10:Waves
Wave motion, speed of a wave, longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves, progressive and standing waves, vibration of strings and air-columns, beats, resonance.Doppler effect in sound.
UNIT 11:Heat and Thermodynamics
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases and their specific heats, relationship between Cp and Cv for gases, first law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes.Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, efficiency of heat engines.
UNIT 12:Transference of heat
Modes of transference of heat.Thermal conductivity.Black body radiations, Kirchoff's law, Wien's law, Stefan's law of radiation and Newton's law of cooling.
UNIT 13:Electrostatics
Charges and their conservation, Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of charge, dielectric constant, electric field, lines of force, field due to dipole and its behavior in a uniform electric field, electric flux, Gauss's law in simple geometries.Electric potential, potential due to a point charge.Conductors and insulators, distribution of charge on conductors.Capacitance, parallel plate capacitor, combination of capacitors, energy of capacitor, van de graf generator.
UNIT 14:Current Electricity
Current as a rate of flow of charges,sources of energy,cells-primary and secondary,grouping of cells resistance of different materials,temperature dependence, specific resistance, Ohm's law, Kirchoff's law, series and parallel circuits.Wheatstone Bridge, measurement of voltages and currents, potentiometer.
UNIT 15:Thermal and Chemical Effects of currents
Heating effects of current, electric power, simple concept of thermo electricity -(Seeback effect and its explanation), thermocouple, Chemical effects of current and laws of electrolysis.
UNIT 16:Magnetic Effects of Currents
Oersted's experiment, Biot-Savert's law (magnetic field due to a current element), magnetic field due to a straight wire, circular loop and solenoid, force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field (Lorentz force), forces and torques on currents in a magnetic field, force between two current carrying wires, moving coil galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter.
UNIT 17:Magnetostatics
Bar magnet, magnetic field, lines of force, torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer, para, dia and ferro-magnetism, magnetic induction, magnetic susceptibility.
UNIT 18:Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Induced e.m.f., Farady's Law, Lenz's Law, self and mutual induction, alternating currents, impedance and reactance, power in a.c. circuits, LCR series combination, resonant circuits. Transformer, simple motor, and A.C. generator.
UNIT 19:Ray Optics
Sources of light, luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance and photometry(elementary idea). Reflection and refraction of light at plane and curved surfaces, total internal reflection, optical fibre; deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Lens formula, magnification and resolving power; microscope and telescope.
UNIT 20:Wave Optics
Wave nature of light; Interference - Young's double slit experiment.Diffraction-diffraction due to a single slit.Elementary idea of polarization,Doppler effect of light.
UNIT 21:Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic oscillations, Electromagnetic wave spectrum from gamma to radio waves-their uses and propogation properties of the atmosphere w.r.t. electromagnetic spectrum.
UNIT 22:Electrons and Photons
Discovery of electrons, cathode rays, charge on an electron, e/m for an electron, photoelectric effect and Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect.
UNIT 23:Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
Rutherford model of the atom, Bohr's model, energy quantizations, hydrogen spectrum; Atomic masses, size of the nucleus; Radioactivity; rays and their properties-alpha, beta and gamma decay; half life and mean life of radio-active nuclei, Binding energy, mass energy relationship, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
UNIT 24:Solids and Semi-Conductor Devices
Energy bands in solids, conductors, insulators and semi-conductors, PN junction, diodes, diode as rectifier, junction transistor, transistor as an amplifier.
Section-B: CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1:Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic
Measurement in chemistry (significant figures, SI unit, Dimensional analysis).Chemical classification of matter (mixtures, compounds and elements, and purification).Law of chemical combination and Dalton's Atomic theory.Atomic Mass (mole concept, determination of chemical formulae).Chemical equation (balancing of chemical equation and calculations using chemical equations).
UNIT 2:Elements, their Occurrence and extraction
Earth as a source of elements, elements in biology, extraction of metals (mettallurgical process, production of concentrated ore, production of metals and their purification).Mineral wealth of India.Qualitative test of metals.
UNIT 3:States of Matter Gaseous state
(measurable properties of gases, Boyle's Law, Charle's Law and absolute scale of temperature, Avogadro’s hypothesis, ideal gas equation, Dalton's law of partial pressure).Kinetic molecular theory of gases (the microscopic model of gas, deviation form ideal behaviour).
The solid state (classification of solids, X-ray studies of crystal lattices and unit cells, packing of constituent particles in crystals).Liquid state (Properties of liquids, Vapour pressure, Surface tension, Viscosity).
UNIT 4:Atomic Structures Constituents of the atom
(Discovery of electron, Rutherford model of the atom).Electronic structure of atoms (nature of light and electromagnetic waves, atomic spectra, Bohr’s model of Hydrogen atom, Quantum mechanical model of the atom, electronic configurations of atoms, Aufbau principle).
Dual nature of matter and radiation.The uncertainty principle.Orbitals and Quantum numbers.Shapes of orbitals.Electronic configuration of atoms.
UNIT 5:Chemical Families - Periodic Properties
Mendeleev's Periodic Table, Modern Periodic Law, Types of elements (Representative elements-s & p block elements, inner transition elements - d-block elements, inner transition elements - f-block elements).Periodic trends in properties.(Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valence, periodicity in properties of compounds).
UNIT 6:Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure
Chemical bonds and Lewis structure shapes of molecules (VSEPR theory).Quantum theory of the covalent bond (Hydrogen and some other simple molecules, carbon compounds, hybridization, Boron and Beryllium compounds).
Coordinate covalent bond (Ionic bond as an extreme case of polar covalent bond, ionic character of molecules and polar molecules.Bonding in solid state (Ionic, molecular and covalent solids, metals).Hydrogen bond, Resonance.
Molecules: Molecular orbital method. Formation of H2, O2, N2, F2 on the basis of MOT. Hybridisation, Dipole moment and structure of molecules.
UNIT 7:The Solid State
Structure of simple ionic compounds.Close-packed structures.Ionic-radii, Silicates (elementary ideas).Imperfection in solids (point defects only).Properties of solids, Amorphous solids.The Gaseous state.Ideal gas equation-Kinetic theory (fundamentals only).
UNIT 8:Solutions
Types of solutions, Vapour-pressure of solutions and Raoult's law.Colligative properties.Non-ideal solutions and abnormal molecular masses.Mole concpt-stoichemistry, volumetric analysis-concentration unit.
UNIT 9:Chemical Energetics and Thermodynamics
Energy changes during a chemical reaction,Internal energy and Enthalpy (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Enthalpy changes, Origin of Enthalpy change in a reaction, Hess's Law of constant heat summation, numericals based on these concepts).Heats of reactions (heat of neutralization, heat of combustion, heat of fusion and vaporization).Sources of energy (conservation of energy sources and identification of alternative sources, pollution associated with consumption of fuels. The sun as the primary source)
. First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy, Enthalpy, application of first law of thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy, Free energy, Spontaneity of a chemical reaction, free energy change and chemical equilibrium, free energy available for useful work.
UNIT 10:Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas equilibrium involving dissolution of solid in liquids, gases in liquids, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes).Equilibria involving chemical systems (the law of chemical equilibrium, the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, numerical problems).Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (change of concentration, change of temperature, effect of catalyst-Le Chateliar’s principle).
Equilibria involving ions (ionization of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes, acid-base equilibrium, various concepts of acids and bases, ionization of water, pH, solubility product, numericals based on these concepts).
UNIT 11:Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
Oxidation and reduction as an electron transfer process.Redox reactions in aqueous solutions-electrochemical cells.EMF of a galvanic cell.Dependence of EMF on concentration and temperature (nearest equation and numerical problems based on it).Electrolysis, Oxidation numbers (rules for assigning oxidation number, redox reactions in terms of oxidation number and nomenclature). Balancing of oxidation-reduction equations.
Electrolytic conduction. Voltaic cell, Electrode potential and Electromotive force, Gibb's free energy and cell potential.Electrode potential and Electrolysis.
UNIT 12:Rates of Chemical Reactions and Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction, Instantaneous rate of reaction and order of reaction.Factors affecting rates of reactions (factors affecting rate of collisions encountered between the reactant molecules, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy, catalysis).Effect of light on rates of reactions.Elementary reactions as steps to more complex reactions.How fast are chemical reactions.
Rate expression.Order of a reaction (with suitable examples).Units of rates and specific rate constants.Order of reaction and effect of concentration.(study will be confined to first order only).Temperature dependence of rate constant - Fast reactions (only elementary idea).Mechanism of reaction (only elementary idea).Photochemical reactions
. UNIT 13:Chemistry of Hydrocarbons
Alkanes (structure, isomerism, conformation).Stereo Isomerism and chirality (origin of chirality, optical rotation, racemic mixture)Alkenes (isomerism including cis-trans). Alkynes Arenes (structure of benzene, resonance structure, isomerism in arenes). Sources of hydrocarbons (origin and composition of coal and petroleum; Hydrocarbons from coal and petroleum cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline-octane number, gasoline additives). Laboratory preparation of alkanes (preparation from unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkyl halides and carboxylic acids). Laboratory preparation of alkenes (preparation from alcohols, alkyl halides). Laboratory prepration of alkynes (preparation from calcium carbide and accetylene). Physical properties of alkanes( boiling and melting points, solubility and density). Reactions of hydrocarbons (oxidation, addition, substitution and miscellaneous reactions).
UNIT 14
urification and Characterisation of Organic CompoundsPurification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography).Qualitative analysis (analysis of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens). Quantitative analysis (estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen).Determination of molecular mass (Victor Mayer’s method, volumetric method).Calculation of empirical formula and molecular formula.Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, modern methods of structure elucidation.
UNIT 15:Organic Chmistry Based on Functional Group-I
(Halides and Hydroxy compounds) Nomenclature of compounds containing halogen atoms and hydroxyl groups : haloalkanes, haloarenes; alcohols and phenols.Correlation of physical properties and uses. Preparation, properties and uses of following : Polyhalogen compounds : Chloroform, Idoform Polyhydric compounds, Ethane 1, 2-diol; Propane-1,2,3 triol Structure and reactivity - (a) Induction effect, (b) Mesomeric effect, © Electrophiles and Nucleophiles, (d) Types of organic reaction.
UNIT 16:Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Group II
(Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives).Nomenclature of ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives. (acylhalides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters).General methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structures, chemical properties and uses.(Note : Specific compounds should not be stressed for the purpose of evaluation)
UNIT 17:Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Group-III
(Cyanides, isocyanides, nitrocompounds and amines)Nomenclature and classification of amines, cynadies, isocyanides, nitro compounds and their method of preparation; correlation of physical properties with structure, chemical reactions and uses.
UNIT 18:Chemistry of Non-metals - I
(Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen) Hydrogen (position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, properties, reactions and uses) Oxygen (occurrence, preparation, properties and reactions, uses, simple oxides; ozone) Water and hydrogen peroxide (structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, water softening, hydrogen peroxides, preparation, properties, structure and uses).Nitrogen(Preparation, properties, uses, compounds of Nitrogen - Ammonia, Oxides of Nitrogen, Nitric Acid - preparation, properties and uses).
UNIT 19:Chemistry of Non-metals - II
(Boron, Carbon, Silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, halogens and the noble gases) Boron (occurrence, isolation, physical and chemical properties, borax and boric acid, uses of boron and its compounds).Carbon, inorganic compounds of carbon (oxides, halides, carbides), elemental carbon. Silicon (occurrence, preparation and properties, oxides and oxyacids of phosphorus, chemical fertililzers).Sulphur (occurrence and extraction, properties and reactions, oxides: Sulphuric acid - preparation, properties and uses, sodium thiosulphate).Halogens (occurrence, preparation, properties, hydrogen halides, uses of halogens).Noble gases (discovery, occurrence and isolation, physical properties, chemistry of noble gases and their uses).
UNIT 20:Chemistry of lighter Metals
Sodium and Potassium (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds - NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCI, KOH).Magnesium and calcium (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds MgCl2, MgSO4, CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaSO4, plaster of paris).Aluminium (occurrence, extraction, properties and uses, compounds - AlCl3, alums).Cement. Biological role of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium.
UNIT 21:Heavy Metals
Iron (Occurrence and extraction, compounds of iron, oxides, halides, sulphides, sulphate, alloy and steel).Copper, silver and gold (occurrence and extractions, properties and uses, compound - sulphides, halides and sulphates, photography).Zinc and Mercury (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compound-oxides, halides; sulphides and sulphates).Tin and Lead (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compounds - oxides, sulphides, halides).
UNIT 22:Chemistry of Representative Elements
Periodic properties - Trends in groups and periods (a) Oxides-nature (b) Halides-melting points © Carbonates and sulphates - solubility.The chemistry of s and p block elements, electronic configuration, general characteristics properties and oxidation states of the following :-
Group 1 elements - Alkali metals
Group 2 elements - Alkaline earth metals
Group 13 elements - Boron family
Group 14 elements - Carbon family
Group 15 elements - Nitrogen family
Group 16 elements - Oxygen family
Group 17 elements - Halogen family
Group 18 elements - Noble gases and Hydrogen
UNIT 23:Transition Metals including Lanthanides
Electronic configuration: General characteristic properties, oxidation states of transition metals.First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds-oxides, halides and sulphides.General properties of second and third row transition elements (Groupwise discussion).Preparation, properties and uses of Potassium dichromate, Potassium permaganate. Inner Transition Elements: General discussion with special reference to oxidation states and eamthanide contraction.
UNIT 24:Coordination Chemistry and Organo Metallics
Coordination compounds, Nomenclature : Isomerism in coordination compounds; Bonding in coordination compounds, Werner's coordination theory.
UNIT 25:Nuclear Chemistry
Nature of radiation from radioactive substances.Nuclear reactions; Radioactive disintegration series; Artificial transmutation of elements; Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion: Isotopes and their applications:Radio carbon-dating.
UNIT 26:Synthetic and Natural Polymers
Classification of Polymers, natural and synthetic polymers (with stress on their general methods of preparation) and important uses of the following : Teflon, PVC, Polystyrene, Nylon-66, terylene Environmental pollution - pollutants - services - check and alternatives.
UNIT 27:Surface Chemistry
Surfaces : Adsorption Colloids - (Preparation and general properties), Emulsions, Micelles
Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous, structure of catalyst.
UNIT 28:Bio Molecules and Biological Processes
The Cell Carbohydrates : Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides Amino Acides and Peptides - Structure and classification. Proteins and Enzymes - Structure of Proteins, Role of enzymes. Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA Biological functions of Nucleic acids – Protein synthesis and replication Lipids - Structure, membranes and their functions.
UNIT 29:Chemistry in Action
Dyes, Chemicals and medicines (antipyretic, analgesic, antibiotics & tranquilesers), Rocket propellants.(Structural formulae non-evaluative)
Section-C: MATHEMATICS
I. ALGEBRA
UNIT 1:Sets, Relations and Functions
Sets and their Representations, Union, intersection and complements of sets, and their algebraic properties, Relations, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings.
UNIT 2:Complex Numbers
Complex number in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane.Argand diagram.Algebra of complex numbers, Modulous and Arguments (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number.Cube roots of unity, triangle- inequality.
UNIT 3:Matrices and Determinants
Determinants and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, Evaluation of determinants.Area of triangles using determinants, Addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrix.Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices.
UNIT 4:Quadratic Equations
Quadratic equation in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; Symmetric functions of roots.
UNIT 5
ermutation and CombinationFundamental principle of counting; Permutation as an arrangement. Meaning of P(n,r) and C(n,r). Simple applications.
UNIT 6:Mathematical Induction and Its applications
UNIT 7:Binomial Theorem and its Applications
Binomial Theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; Binomial Theorem for any index. Properties of Binomial Co-efficients. Simple applications for approximations.
UNIT 8:Sequences and Series
Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic progressions. Special cases of Sn, Sn2, Sn3 . Arithmetic-Geometric Series, Exponential and Logarithmic series.
II. CALCULUS
UNIT 9
ifferential CalculusPolynomials, rational, trigonometric,logarithmic and exponential functions, Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, Continuity; differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions.differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto three.Applications of derivative: monotonic functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.
UNIT 10:Integral Calculus
Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Integral as limit of a sum. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of indefinite integrals; Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves.
UNIT 11
ifferential EquationsOrdinary differential equations, their order and degree. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables. Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations.
III. TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
UNIT 12:Two dimensional Geometry
Recall of Cartesian system of Rectangular co-ordinates in a plane, distance formula, area of a triangle, condition for the collinearity of three points and section formula, centroid and in-centre of a triangle, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.
The straight line and pair of straight lines
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrency of three lines, distance of point from a line, coordinates of orthocentre and circumcentre of triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines, homogeneous equation of second degree in x and y, angle between pair of lines through the origin, combined equation of the bisectors of the angles between a pair of lines, condition for the general second degree equation to represent a pair of lines, point of intersection and angle between two lines represented by S = O and the factors of S.
Circles and system of Circles
Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to the circle, length of the tangent, equation of the tangent, equation of a family of circles through the intersection of two circles, condition for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal.
Conic Section
Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point(s) of tangency.
UNIT 13:Three dimensional Geometry
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between the points; Section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines, equations of a line and a plane in different forms; intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines, equation of a sphere, its centre and radius. Diameter form of the equation of a sphere.
IV. VECTORS
UNIT 14:Vector Algebra
Vectors and Scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, vector triple product. Application of vectors to plane geometry.
V. STATISTICS
UNIT 15:Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Calculation of Mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
UNIT 16
robability Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their applications; Conditional probability; Probability distribution of a random variable; Binomial distribution and its properties.
VI. TRIGONOMETRY
UNIT 17
Trigonometrical ratios, identities and equations. Inverse trigonometric functions and their properties. Properties of triangles, solution of triangles. Heights and Distances.
VII. STATICS AND DYNAMICS
UNIT 18:Statics
Resultant of Coplanar forces; moments and couples. Equilibrium of three concurrent forces.
UNIT 19
ynamicsSpeed and velocity, average speed, instantaneous speed, acceleration and retardation, resultant of two velocities, relative velocity and its simple applications. Motion of a particle along a line, moving with constant acceleration. Motion under gravity. Laws of motion, Projectile motion.
Section-D: BIOLOGY (Botany & Zoology)
Unit 1:The Living World
Nature and scope of Biology.Methods of Biology.Our place in the universe.Laws that govern the universe and life.Levels of organisation.Cause and effect relationship.
Being alive - what it means? Present approach to understand life processes - molecular approach; life as an expression of energy; steady state and homeostasis; self duplication and survival; adaptation; death as a positive part of life.
Origin of life and its maintenance.Origin and diversity of life.Physical and chemical principles that maintain life processes, the living crust and interdependence.The positive and negative aspects of progress in biological sciences.The future of the living world, identification of human responsibility in shaping our future.
Unit 2:Unity of Life
Cell as a unit of life.Small biomolecules; water, minerals, mono - and oligosaccharides, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and their chemistry, cellular location and function.Macromolecules in cells -their chemistry, cellular location and functional significance. Polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids.Enzymes; chemical nature, classification, mechanism in action-enzyme complex, allosteric modulation (brief), irreversible activation.Biomembranes.Fluid mosaic model of membrane in transport and recognition of external information (brief). Structural organisation of the cell; light and electron microscopic views of cell, its organelles and their functions; Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum.Golgi complex, Lysosomes, microtubules, cell wall, cilia and flagella, vacuoles, cell inclusions.A general account of cellular respiration.Fermentation, biological oxidation, mitochondrial electron transport chain, high energy bonds and oxidative phosphorylation, cell reproduction; Process of mitosis and meiosis.
Unit 3
iversity of LifeIntroductionThe enormous variety of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety; taxonomy and phylogeny; shortcoming of a two kingdom classification as plants and animals; a five kingdom classification.Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.The basic features of five kingdom classification; modes of obtaining nutrition-autotrophs and heterotrophs.Life styles: producers, consumers and decomposers, Unicellularity and multicellularity, phylogenetic relationships.Concepts of species, taxon and categories -hierarchical levels of classification; binomial nomenclature; principles of classification and nomenclature; identification and nature of viruses and bacteriophages and organisms.Kingdom Monera-archaebacteria -life in extreme environments; Bacteria, actinomycetes, Cyanobacteria.Examples to illustrate autotrophic and heterotrophic life style; mineralizer-nitrogen fixers; Monera in cycling matter; symbiotic forms; disease producers.Kingdom Protista-Eucarytoic unicellular organisms; development of flagella and cilia; beginning of mitosis; syngamy and sex. Various life styles shown in the major phyla. Evolutionary precursors of complex life forms. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, protozoan; symbiotic forms. Plant kingdom -- complex autotrophs, red, brown and green algae; conquest of land, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Vascularization; development of flower, fruit and seed. Kingdom fungi - Iower fungi (Zygomycetes) higher fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes); the importance of fungi.Decomposers; parasitic forms; lichens and mycorrhizae, animal kingdom - animal body pattern and symmetry.The development of body cavity in invertebrate vertebrate phyla.Salient feature with reference to habitat and examples of phylum porifera, coelenterata, helminths, annelids, mollusca, arthropoda, echinoderms; chordata (classes - fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) highlighting major characters.
Unit 4:Organism and Environment
Species: Origin and concept of species, population; interaction between environment and populations; community. Biotic community, interaction between different species, biotic stability, changes in the community - succession. Ecosystem; Interaction between biotic and abiotic components; major ecosystems, manmade ecosystem - Agroecosystem. Biosphere; flow of energy, trapping of solar energy, energy pathway, food chain, food web, biogeochemical cycles, calcium and sulphur, ecological imbalance and its consequences. Conservation of natural resources; renewable and non-renewable (in brief). Water and land management, wasteland development. Wild life and forest conservation; causes for the extinction of some wild life, steps taken to conserve the remaining species, concept of endangered species - Indian examples, conservation of forest; Indian forests, importance of forests, hazards of deforestation, afforestation. Environmental pollution; air and water pollution, sources, major pollutants of big cities of our country, their effects and methods of control, pollution due to nuclear fallout and waste disposal, effect and control, noise pollution - sources and effects.
Unit 5: Multicellularity: Structure and Function - Plant Life
Form and function.Tissue system in flowering plants; meristematic and permanent.Minerals nutrition - essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals.Modes of nutrition, transport of solutes and water in plants, Photosynthesis; photochemical and biosynthetic phases, diversity in photosynthetic pathways, photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphoryliation, photorespiration.Transpiration and exchange of gases.Stomatal mechanism. Osmoregulation in plants; water relations in plant cells, water potential.Reproduction and development in Angiosperm plants; asexual and sexual. Structure and functions of flower: development of male and female gametophytes in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit.Differentiation and organ formation.Plant hormones and growth regulation; action of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy and germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission.Applications of synthetic growth regulators.A brief account of growth and movement in plants.
Unit 6:Multicellularity: Structure and Function - Animal Life
Animal tissues, epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve. Animal nutrition; organs of digestion and digestive process, nutritional requirements for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins: nutritional imbalances and deficiency diseases. Gas exchange and transport: Pulmonary gas exchange and organs involved, transport of gases in blood, gas exchange in aqueous media. Circulation: closed and open vascular systems, structure and pumping action of heart, arterial blood pressure, lymph. Excretion and osmoregulation.Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, uricotelism, excretion of water and urea with special reference to man.Role of kidney in regulation of plasma, osmolarity on the basis of nephron structure, skin and lungs in excretion. Hormonal coordination; hormones of mammals, role of hormones as messengers and regulators. Nervous coordination: central, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, receptors, effectors, reflex action, basic physiology of special senses, integrative control by neuroendocrinal systems.Locomotion; joints, muscle movements, types of skeletal muscles according to types of movement, basic aspects of human skeleton. Reproduction; human reproduction, female reproductive cycles.Embryonic development in mammals (upto three germ l ayers).
Unit 7:Continuity of Life
Heredity and variation: Introduction, Mendel's experiments with peas and idea of factors. Mendel's laws of inheritance.Genes: Packaging of heredity material in prokaryotes - bacterial chromosome; plasmid and eukaryote chromosomes.Extranuclear genes, viral genes, linkage(genetic) maps. Sex determination and sex linkage. Genetic material and its replication, Gene expression; genetic code, transcription, translation, gene regulation.Molecular basis of differentiation.
Unit 8:Origin and Evolution of Life
Origin of life: Living and non-living, chemical evolution, organic evolution; Oparin ideas, Miller-Urey experiments. Intererelationship among living organisms and evidences of evolution: fossil records including geological time scale, Morphological evidence - homology, vestigial organs, embryological similarities and biogeographical evidence.
Darwin's two major contributions.Common origin of living organisms and recombination as sources of variability, selection acts upon variation, adaptation (Ledergerg's replica plating experiment for indirect selection of bacterial mutants), reproductive isolation, speciation.Role of selection change and drift in determining composition of population.Selected examples: industrial melanism; drug resistance, mimicry, malaria in relation to G-6-PD deficiency and sickle cell disease.Mutation- Their role in speciation. Their origin in speciation, their origin in organisms.
Unit 9:Application of Biology
Biofertilisers - green manure, crop residues and nitrogen fixation (symbiotic, non-symbiotic). Applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crops. Domestication and introduction of animals. Livestock, poultry, fisheries (fresh water, marine, aquaculture). Improvement of animals: principles of animal breeding.Major animal diseases and their control. Insects and their products (silk, honey, wax and lac). Bioenergy, biomass, wood (combustion, gasification, ethanol). Cow dung cakes, gobar gas, plants as sources of hydrocarbons for producing petroleum, ethanol from starch and lignocellulose. Biotechnology, a brief historical account-manufacture of cheese, yoghurt, alcohol, yeast, vitamins, organic acids, antibiotics, steroids, dextrins. Scaling up laboratory findings to Industrial production. Production of insulin, human growth hormones, interferon. Communicable diseases including diseases spread through blood transfusion (hepatitis, AIDS, etc) Immune response, vaccines and antisera. Allergies and Inflammations. Inherited diseases and dysfunctions, sex-Iinked diseases, genetic incomptibilities, and genetic counselling. Cancer - major types, causes, diagnosis and treatment. Tissue and organ transplantation. Industrial wastes, toxicology, pollution-related diseases. Biomedical engineering -spare parts for man, instruments for diagnosis of diseases and care.